What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?
Correct answer- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha
carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar,
and charged?
Correct answer- Non-polar/hydrophobic – end with CH or “can’t have” water. Polar – end
with OH, SH, or NH. Charged – end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?
Correct answer- ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Correct answer- Primary – linear structure, Secondary – Folded into helix or pleated
sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary – 3D structure caused by side chain
interactions, quaternary – 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have
1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?
Correct answer- hydrophobic – temperature change, ionic – salt or decreased pH,
hydrogen – temperature, change in pH, disulfide – reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?
Correct answer- hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding?
Correct answer- Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart =
malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure?
Correct answer- Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function.
May form a different protein.
What is an electron?
Correct answer- Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy:
Correct answer- Power derived fro chemical interaction
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what are covalent bonds?
Correct answer- chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond?
Correct answer- bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond?
Correct answer- weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino?
Correct answer- piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl?
Correct answer- piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic?
Correct answer- Doesn’t like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic?
Correct answer- Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond?
Correct answer- strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH’s.
what are zwitterions?
Correct answer- amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide
Correct answer- polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis?
Correct answer- Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis?
Correct answer- adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix?
Correct answer- twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet?
Correct answer- folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation?
Correct answer- loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme
salt, temp, pH
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what is aggregation?
Correct answer- clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded
proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson’s
how do enzymes catalyze reactions?
Correct answer- bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and
decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?
Correct answer- decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?
Correct answer- enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzymesubstrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released,
enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes?
Correct answer- High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents
can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor?
Correct answer- Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
Correct answer- Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing
substrate from binding with enzyme
what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme
1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited.
Correct answer- Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C.
Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
what is substrate?
Correct answer- the substance on which an enzyme acts
what is a product?
Correct answer- result of a reaction
what is an intermediate?
Correct answer- products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product
what is an active site?
Correct answer- location where substrate binds with enzyme
what is enzyme specificity?