NURS 5334 EXAM 3 LATEST 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS) ||ALREADY GRADED A+
- What drugs are used to treat gestational diabetes?
o Metformin and Insulin - What A1C value indicates diabetes mellitus? Pre-DM?
o 6.5% or greater is considered diabetes
o 5.7-6.4% pre-diabetes - What fasting and random values indicate DM?
o Fasting plasma glucose—126 or greater is diabetes
o Random (casual) plasma glucose—anything greater than 200 is diabetes - What are complications of insulin therapy?
o Hypoglycemia
o Can develop lipohypertrophy
▪ Accumulation of subcutaneous fat that occurs when it is injected too frequentlyat
the same site
o Allergic reactions
▪ Characterized by red and intensely itchy welts, breathing becomes difficult
▪ If severe allergy develops: - Desensitization procedure (small doses to larger doses)
o Hypokalemia
▪ Promotes the uptake of potassium cells and insulin activates a membrane-bound
enzyme with sodium potassium and ATPase that pumps potassium into the cells
and sodium out - Drug interactions?
o Hypoglycemic agents
▪ Can intensify the hypoglycemia included by insulin
▪ Examples: sulfonylureas, glinides, alcohol
o Use with caution with hyperglycemic agents
▪ Examples: thiazide and glucocorticoids and sympathomimetics - What effect do beta blockers have on insulin?
o delay awareness of and response to hypoglycemia by masking the signs that are
associated with stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
o Impair glycogenolysis
o Prevent the bodies counter-regulatory response - What are other therapeutic uses besides DM?
o Hyperkalemia
o Aids in diagnosis of GH deficiency
o Diabetic ketoacidosis - Insulin dosage must be coordinated with what?
o Carbohydrate intake - What is B/P goal in diabetic?
o To be controlled, within normal 120/80 - What medication can be given to decrease risk of diabetic nephropathy?
o ACE inhibitor or ARB
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- What role does exercise play in treatment of both type 1 and type 2 DM?
o Exercise increases cellular responsiveness to insulin and increases glucose tolerance
o 150 minute per week of moderate intensity exercise is recommended - What are the 4 steps in the 4-step approach?
o Step 1—diagnosis
▪ Lifestyle changes plus metformin
o Step 2
▪ Lifestyle changes plus metformin and a second drug (sulfonylurea, TZD or a
DPP4inhibitor, a sodium glucose cotransporter or SGLT-2 inhibitor, a glucagonlike peptide 1, or a GLP-1 receptor agonist or basal insulin
▪ Second drug choice made considering efficacy, the hypoglycemia risk of the
patient, the patient tolerability, and weight-related considerations (some help
weight loss, some cause weight gain), cost
o Step 3
▪ Three drug combination - Metformin
- Plus 2 other drugs from step 2
o Decided based on a drug and patient specific considerations
o Step 4
▪ If 3 drug combination that includes basal insulin fails after 3-6 months, more
complex insulin regimen
▪ Usually in combination with one or more non-insulin medications - When a patient is on insulin therapy what are the blood glucose goals before meals? At
bedtime?
o Before meals—70-130
o Bedtime—100-140 - What is the A1C goal? When is goal below 7 not appropriate?
o 7% or below
o Those with severe hypoglycemia risk, limited life expectancy, advanced microvascular or
macrovascular complications—not below 7 - What are the short acting insulins? Intermediate? Long acting?
o Short duration: Rapid acting
▪ Insulin lispro [Humalog]
▪ Insulin aspart [NovoLog]
▪ Insulin glulisine [Apidra]
o Short duration: Slower acting
▪ Regular insulin [Humulin R, Novolin R]
o Intermediate duration
▪ Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin
▪ Insulin detemir [Levemir]
o Long duration
▪ Insulin glargine - When are short duration insulins used?
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o Administered in association with meals to control the post-prandial rise in blood glucose
between meals and at night
- When are intermediate insulins needed?
o Administer 2-3 times daily to provide glycemic control between meals and during the
night - How long is duration of glargine? Levemir? Degludec?
o Glargine—up to 24 hours
o Levemir
▪ Low dose (0.2 units/kg)—12 hours
▪ High doses (0.4 units/kg)—20-24 hours
o Degludec—up to 42 hours - What are routes of administration? Which can be inhaled?
o SQ injection
o IV infusion
o Inhalation—Afrezza, mealtime insulin - What is typical dosing for type 1? Type 2?
o Total doses may range from 0.1 unit/kg body weight to more than 2.5 units/kg
o Type 1
▪ Initial doses typically range from 0.5-0.6 units/kg per day
o Type 2
▪ Initial doses range from 0.2-0.6 units/kg per day
▪ Dosage increased or decreased according to carb intake, activity - What are the 3 dosing schedules?
o Twice daily dosing
o Intensive basal/bolus strategy
o Continued subcutaneous insulin - How does metformin work?
o Inhibits glucose production in the liver
o Reduces glucose absorption in the gut
o Sensitizes insulin receptors in target tissues (fat and skeletal muscle) thus increase
glucose uptake and response to whatever insulin is available - What are side effects? BB warning?
o GI effects—diarrhea
o Lactic acidosis - How does alcohol effect?
o Inhibits the breakdown of lactic acid - What are the therapeutic uses other than DM?
o Gestational diabetes
o PCOS - Sulfonylureas
o First generation
▪ Chlorpropamide [Diabinese]
▪ Tolazamide [Tolinase]
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