WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 2
LATEST VERSIONS A AND B EACH VERSION CONTAINS 100
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|AGRADE
VERSION A
What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
meanings? – ANSWER- -pH is acidic
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the
body or not enough base in the body
-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the
body
What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
meanings? – ANSWER- -pH is alkaline(basic)
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body
or not enough acid in body
respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to not enough CO2 in
body
What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of acidosis? – ANSWERmetabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):
hyperventilation- releasing CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and releasing it
will increase the pH
respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic system): kidney will
increase reabsorption of HCO3-, and because HCO3- is basic, it
increases the pH
What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of alkalosis? – ANSWERmetabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):
hypoventilation- retaining CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and retaining it
will decrease the pH
respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic system): kidneys will
increase secretion of HCO3-, and because HCO3- is basic, it decreases
the pH
What are the functions of blood? – ANSWER- -transportation of
nutrients and hormones
-regulation of water and pH
-defense against infections and blood loss
What is blood composed of? – ANSWER- fluid plasma and blood
cells(RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
What is plasma composed of? – ANSWER- Water, hormones, ions,
molecules, and proteins
What are the plasma proteins and their functions/characteristics? –
ANSWER- albumin: 2/3 of the plasma proteins, produced by liver,
creates and maintains oncotic pressure
globulins: 3 types- alpha, beta, and gamma, make up immunoglobulins
clotting proteins: 12 different types, produced by liver
What is erythropoiesis and its characteristics? – ANSWER- -the process
of RBC production
-produced by bone marrow from stem cells, production is controlled by
erythropoietin(released by kidneys)
What are the functions of hemoglobin and its structure? – ANSWER- -to
transport O2 in blood
-4 chains with 1 heme group each that contains iron that binds oxygen
What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? – ANSWER- factors
that influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding and release
What are the characteristics of Right Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve? – ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a low affinity to O2,
so oxygen is released to tissues
-pH is down, DPG is up, and temp is up
What are the characteristics of Left Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve? – ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a high affinity to
oxygen, so it doesn’t release O2 to the tissues
-pH is up, DPG is down, and temp is down
What is hematocrit and its normal values for males and females? –
ANSWER- -the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
-average male percentage range: 43-49%
-average female percentage range: 37-43%
What is the function of iron in blood, the 2 proteins associated with it,
and their functions? – ANSWER- -iron binds oxygen, and it is
transported in hemoglobin in RBCs
-transferrin: transports iron along the body
-ferritin: stores iron along the body
What are the characteristics of RBCs? – ANSWER- -around 120 day
lifespan
-shape: biconcave disc
-destroyed in the spleen by macrophages(WBCs)
When RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, what is released? – ANSWER- –
chains of amino acids, iron, and heme that gets broken down into
bilirubin
What is hemostasis? – ANSWER- the process in which our body stops
bleeding
What are the 2 types of hemostasis? – ANSWER- -platelet
plug(primary): for minor injuries
-clot formation(secondary): for severe injuries, used along with platelet
plug
What are the 3 steps in primary hemostasis? – ANSWER- -vessel injury