Anatomy – ANSWER the study of the structure of the body
Physiology – ANSWER the study of the function of the body
Chemical level – ANSWER represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells
(Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)
Cellular level – ANSWER represents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level – ANSWER a group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level – ANSWER a group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level – ANSWER a group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level – ANSWER the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System – ANSWER controls body temperature & protects body from
environmental hazards
Skeletal System – ANSWER supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals,
forms blood cells
Muscular System – ANSWER movement, support and produces heat
Nervous System – ANSWER controls immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System – ANSWER controls long-term responses in body
Cardiovascular System – ANSWER internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems – ANSWER defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system
Respiratory System – ANSWER exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from
tissues
Digestive System – ANSWER ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food &
elimination of indigestible wastes
Urinary System – ANSWER filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance
and to eliminate waste products
Reproductive System – ANSWER produces sex cells and hormones related to
reproduction
homeostasis – ANSWER condition in which body’s internal environment remains within
certain narrow physiological limits
homeostatic regulation – ANSWER adjustment of physiological system to maintain
homeostasis
receptor – ANSWER monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input
to control center
control (integration) center – ANSWER receives input from receptor & determines
appropriate response
effector – ANSWER cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center
and produces a response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system – ANSWER stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent
pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
positive feedback – ANSWER the response by the effector to the initial change is to
further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the
uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes
uterine contraction, etc. – ANSWER …
Negative feedback – ANSWER the response by the effector to the initial change is to
counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its “normal” state.
Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose
from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. – ANSWER …
Anatomical position – ANSWER patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly
Cephalic = head
Cranial – ANSWER upper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial – ANSWER face
cervical – ANSWER neck
thoracic – ANSWER chest
axillary – ANSWER armpit
acromial – ANSWER point of shoulder
deltoid – ANSWER fleshy portion of shoulder
brachial – ANSWER upper arm
antebrachial – ANSWER forearm
antecubital – ANSWER front of elbow
carpal – ANSWER wrist
manual – ANSWER hand
digital (phalangeal) – ANSWER fingers or toes
abdominal – ANSWER region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal – ANSWER back
lumbar – ANSWER lower back
olecranol – ANSWER back of elbow
pelvic – ANSWER pelvis
pubic – ANSWER anterior pelvis
inguinal – ANSWER junction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal – ANSWER buttocks
femoral – ANSWER thigh
patellar – ANSWER front of knee
popliteal – ANSWER back of knee
crural – ANSWER anterior of lower leg (shin)
sural – ANSWER posterior of lower leg (calf)
tarsal – ANSWER ankle
pedal – ANSWER foot
plantar – ANSWER bottom of foot
superior ( – ANSWER cephalic = cranial) = towards the head
inferior ( – ANSWER caudal) = away from the head
anterior (ventral) – ANSWER towards the front
posterior (dorsal) – ANSWER towards the back
medial – ANSWER towards the midline
lateral – ANSWER away from the midline
proximal – ANSWER towards the point of attachment (limbs)
distal – ANSWER away from the point of attachment (limbs)
superficial – ANSWER towards the surface (i.e., skin)
deep – ANSWER away from the surface
Sagittal – ANSWER separates the body into right and left parts
Midsaggital – ANSWER median = separates the body into equal right and left parts
Parasaggital – ANSWER separates the body into unequal right and left parts
Frontal – ANSWER coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse – ANSWER horizontal – cross-sectional -separates the body into superior
and inferior parts
. – ANSWER …
dorsal body – ANSWER The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity
and the ventral body cavity.
ventral body – ANSWER The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by
serous membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes
in he dorsal body cavity.