The New York Court of Appeals case Golden v. Planning Board of Town of Ramapo (1972) resulted in an important decision in what area? a. Exclusionary housing b. Growth management c. “Takings” claims d. Environmental justice correct answer: B. Ramapo, NY established a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses.
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 required local governments to address potential hazards in a Hazard Mitigation Plan in order to remain eligible to receive certain federal funds before and following federally-declared disasters. Your community has integrated such a plan into the General Plan. Now the Safety Element of the General Plan is expanded to cover the following: I. Natural hazards II. Man-made hazards III. Fiscal responsibility for disasters IV. A development retreat from low-lying coastal areas a. II & III b. I, II, & IV c. I & IV d. I, II, III, & IV correct answer: B. FEMA HMA of 2000 seeks to expand pre-disaster planning to precipitate the widespread loss of life, damage to property, infrastructure and the 1 / 4 environment. The Act does not assign any fiscal responsibilities of disasters to any entity. Most local Safety Element covers also man-made hazards. However, local jurisdictions are not burdened with the fiscal impact associated with disasters.
In the United States, the “Neighborhood Unit” concept is attributed to: a. Kevin Lynch b. Clarence Perry c. Ian McHarg d. Lewis Mumford correct answer: B. Clarence Perry lived in Forest Hills Gardens in Queens, NY and published an essay on the concept of the neighborhood unit in 1929. Forest Hill Gardens, developed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. in 1911, inspired the neighborhood unit concept. Perry defined a neighborhood as a self-contained area within a 5-minute walking radius, bounded by major streets with shops at the intersections and a school in the middle. Kevin Lynch wrote Image of the City in 1960. Ian McHarg wrote Design with Nature in 1969. Lewis Mumford wrote Culture of Cities in 1929.
Which of the following court cases is/are concerned with takings? I. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987) II. Associated Homebuilders v. City of Livermore (1976) III. First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles (1987) IV. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) a. I only b. I & II c. I & III d. I, III, & IV correct answer: D. In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987), the state claimed that the Nollan’s proposed 2 / 4 house would interfere with visual and psychological access to the public beach. The state said that the Nollan’s would be granted a building permit only if they allowed public access to the beach. The court said this was a taking because if the state wanted to provide access to the beach it should use the power of eminent domain and compensate the land owners. In First English (1987), a church had not been allowed to use its property temporarily because it had been flooded; the court said that the city must provide compensation for this taking, even though it was only temporary. In Lucas, the court found that a South Carolina state law which prohibited Lucas from building on two lots on a barrier island was a taking because it deprived Lucas of all economically viable use of the property. The Associated Homebuilders v. City of Livermore (1976) case was about growth management. In that case, the court said it was permissible to phase growth to allow for relief of overcrowded schools and sewer treatment facilities and to increase water reserves.
Ebenezer Howard is best known for promoting self-sufficient towns with mixed economies known as: a. New towns b. Planned unit developments c. Garden cities d. Suburbs correct answer: C. Ebenezer Howard, (1850-1920) published Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898; it was reissued as Garden Cities of Tomorrow in 1902. A garden city included about 6,000 acres of land and was surrounded with a rural belt. The first garden cities were in England: Letchworth in 1903 and Welwyn Garden in 1919. New Towns are a successor to garden cities. The New Towns of Columbia, MD 3 / 4 and Reston, VA were built in the United States after World War II. A Planned Unit Development or PUD is planned and developed as a single entity containing residential and nonresidential development such as public, commercial or industrial areas. PUDs allow for greater flexibility in locating buildings, combining land uses, and including open space than traditional development patterns. Suburban developments are located on the periphery of urban areas and are not associated with Ebenezer Howard. Riverside, IL is considered the earliest example of suburban development. Riverside is located outside of Chicago and was developed in 1868 by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
Which of the following is a landmark housing case? a. Hadacheck v. Sebastian (1915) b. Berman v. Parker (1954): c. Southern Burlington NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel (1975) d. Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926) correct answer: C. Southern Burlington NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel came before the New Jersey Supreme Court. In the 1975 decision, the court required that a township provide the opportunity for low-income housing development through the zoning ordinance. A second case, known as Mount Laurel II, came before the court in 1983; this time, the courts instructed townships to provide their fair share of low-income housing, which led the New Jersey legislature to pass the Fair Housing Act in 1985. Hadacheck v. Sebastian considered whether some restrictions on activities in a brickyard in Los Angeles constituted a taking; the Supreme Court ruled that the restrictions did not constitute a taking. Berman v. Parker