CPDT-KA Comprehensive Study Q’s
What is a Punisher
(Ans- something the learner will work to avoid and diminishes likelihood
behavior will repeat
Primary Reinforcers
(Ans- food, reproductive opportunity, water, physical and emotional
security, sometimes play
Secondary Reinforcer
(Ans- The stimulus is paired with or predicting a primary reinforcer, EX:
clicker predicting food
Tertiary Reinforcer
(Ans- A behavior or stimulus that has been paired with or predicts a
secondary reinforcer; helps create behavior chains
Stimulus definition
(Ans- Something that elicits a behavior
Response definition
(Ans- A behavior elicited by a stimulus
Consequence
(Ans- What occurs in response to the learner’s behavior (i.e. a reinforcer,
punisher, nothing). Varies depending on the learner
Counter- Conditioned Stimulus
(Ans- A stimulus/response that has a new, redefined meaning than
previously learned
Sensitization
(Ans- To become hyper aware or responsive to a stimulus
Desensitization
(Ans- To become less aware/sensitive of a stimulus through a protocol or
intentional practice
Adaptation
(Ans- Physical/sensory systems have been fatigued
Habituation
(Ans- To become less aware/sensitive to a stimulus through “been there,
done that” and stimulus was/is always present in full force.
Overlearning
(Ans- Practicing until lesson is understood no matter how information is
presented
Poisoned Cue
(Ans- When negative association has been attached to a cue
Eustress
(Ans- “Good” stress–learner is primed and ready to engage in learning, is
a pleasant state of arousal
Distress
(Ans- “Bad” stress–learner is overwhelmed and overloaded with stress
hormones
Consequences of distress
(Ans- dogs will show calming signals, have lowered problem-solving ability
Elicited behavior
(Ans- involuntary/reflexive/emotional behavior
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CPDT-KA Comprehensive Study Q’s
What is a Punisher
(Ans- something the learner will work to avoid and diminishes likelihood
behavior will repeat
Primary Reinforcers
(Ans- food, reproductive opportunity, water, physical and emotional
security, sometimes play
Secondary Reinforcer
(Ans- The stimulus is paired with or predicting a primary reinforcer, EX:
clicker predicting food
Tertiary Reinforcer
(Ans- A behavior or stimulus that has been paired with or predicts a
secondary reinforcer; helps create behavior chains
Stimulus definition
(Ans- Something that elicits a behavior
Response definition
(Ans- A behavior elicited by a stimulus
Consequence
(Ans- What occurs in response to the learner’s behavior (i.e. a reinforcer,
punisher, nothing). Varies depending on the learner
Counter- Conditioned Stimulus
(Ans- A stimulus/response that has a new, redefined meaning than
previously learned
Sensitization
(Ans- To become hyper aware or responsive to a stimulus
Desensitization
(Ans- To become less aware/sensitive of a stimulus through a protocol or
intentional practice
Adaptation
(Ans- Physical/sensory systems have been fatigued
Habituation
(Ans- To become less aware/sensitive to a stimulus through “been there,
done that” and stimulus was/is always present in full force.
Overlearning
(Ans- Practicing until lesson is understood no matter how information is
presented
Poisoned Cue
(Ans- When negative association has been attached to a cue
Eustress
(Ans- “Good” stress–learner is primed and ready to engage in learning, is
a pleasant state of arousal
Distress
(Ans- “Bad” stress–learner is overwhelmed and overloaded with stress
hormones
Consequences of distress
(Ans- dogs will show calming signals, have lowered problem-solving ability
Elicited behavior
(Ans- involuntary/reflexive/emotional behavior
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CPDT-KA Study Guide: Questions &
Answers
The dog sits and a treat is given. The dog learns to sit.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
While walking on leash the dog lunges forward and feels pain associated
with the tightening of a prong collar. The dog learns not to lunge against the
collar.
(Ans- Positive Punishment
The dog barks at the owner for attention and the owner leaves the room.
The dog learns not to bark at the owner.
(Ans- Negative Punishment
The puppy jumps against the owners legs and no attention is given to the
puppy. The puppy learns not to jump against the owners legs.
(Ans- Extinction
The owner feeds the dog whenever he lies down in the kitchen. The dog
learns to lie down when in the kitchen.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
The dog causes the leg bands on a no pull harness to loosen by walking
closer to the owner. The dog learns to walk closer to the owner.
(Ans- Negative Reinforcement
The owner hits the dog with a rolled up paper whenever the dog makes eye
contact with the children. The dog learns never to look at children.
(Ans- Positive Punishment
The dog barks in his crate for 20 to 30 minutes after the owner leaves.
Nothing happens as a result of the barking. The dog learns not to bark
when the owner leaves.
(Ans- Extinction
The dog looks away from the handler during the heel free exercise and the
handler abandons the dog in the training room. The dog learns to keep his
eyes glued on the handler.
(Ans- Negative Punishment
A puppy is tethered to a training wall. The handler walks away from the
puppy whenever he is jumping. The do learns to keep four feet on the floor
when standing by the handler.
(Ans- Negative Punishment
Treats are dropped on the floor in the kitchen whenever the dog stares at
the cook. The dog learns to stare at anyone who is cooking.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
A dog, while chasing a deer is called. When he does not return to his
handler, an electric shock is applied to his neck. The dog learns to come
back when called.
(Ans- Positive Punishment
While learning to retrieve, a lab opens his mouth and an ear pinch stops
when he opens his mouth to take the dummy. The dog learns to open his
mouth to accept the dummy.
(Ans- Negative Reinforcement
The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and edible refuse
is dumped out on the floor. The puppy learns to get into garbage cans.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and a large pile of
cans falls on the puppy causing extreme fear. The puppy stops jumping on
the garbage can.
(Ans- Positive Punishment
The puppy follows children home everyday in hope of attention. The
children fail to pay attention to the pup ans he eventually stops following
them.
(Ans- Extinction
A fearful pup barks at approaching people who then back off. Barking
increases.
(Ans- Negative Reinforcement
On the agility course the dog running begins to bark. The handler removes
the dog from the course and puts him in his crate. The dog learns to run
quietly.
(Ans- Negative Punishment
A service dog is given a treat when he applies forward pressure on his
harness. The dog learns to lead his partner.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
A veterinary technician feeds the dog a treat when he is being examined by
the vet. The dog learns to enjoy visiting the vet.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
When training a dog to go over the A frame in agility, the trainer offers a
treat to the dog when he has his back feet on the contact zone and his front
feet on the ground. The dog learns to go all the way to the ground and
touch the contact zone along the way.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
In practice sessions, the handler uses a prong collar and a tight leash to
keep the dog at her side. The dog learns to heel close to the handler to
release the presser on the prong collar.
(Ans- Negative Reinforcement
In the protection phase of Schutzhund training a puppy is allowed to take
the sleeve off the arm of the agitator. The puppy learns to bite when being
formally agitated.
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
At the groomer’s , the dog barks while in the drying crate. The groomer
uses a squirt bottle to spray water in his face to “correct” the barking. The
dog learns to avoid going into any crate.
(Ans- Positive Punishment
Every morning you take your puppy to the dog play park. You approach
from the south end of the park and meet your other dog walking friends.
One morning you are in a rush and need to drive to the dog park in order to
get your walk done. You park at the North end of the park and your puppy
runs straight to the South end of the park to meet his playmates. What type
of learning is happening?
A. Applied Learning
B. Latent Learning
C. Motivated Learning
D. Cognitive Learning
E. All of the above
(Ans- B. Latent Learning
Indicate which statement is false:
A. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when behavior changes.
B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to
defer to the owner.
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CPDT-KA Exam Preparation
E-collars should be considered
(Ans – As a last resort, and part of the punishment tier of the humane
hierarchy
According to the Humane hierarchy, the first step in training is to
(Ans – Confirm that the dog is in good health and receiving proper nutrition
The CCPDT code of ethics requires all of the following
(Ans –
Refraining from use of derogatory cultural terms
Regular updating of client contact lists
Recommending other trainers with more experience
The humane hierarchy states that the following comes immediately before
using positive reinforcement training to establish a new behavior
(Ans – Management such as gates and crates
The following is an unacceptable aversive method which could cause your
CPDT-KA certification to be revoked
(Ans – Ear pinch method of dumbell retrieve
Is it acceptable to receive a percentage of income from referrals to another
professional
(Ans – No
Telling a new client about the harsh training methods of another dog trainer
is considered
(Ans – Defamation of a colleague and unethical
Once you have become a CPDT-KA, you must recertification by
(Ans – Earning 36 CEUS every 3 years.
If a client with a disability wants to attend your group class you should
(Ans – Help the client by providing a reasonable accommodation to mediate
her disability
To protect your clients identity at all times you should never
(Ans – Keep registration forms where class members can see them
True or False. It is permissible to bring noted into the CPDT-KA exam
testing center.
(Ans – False
True or False. It is permissible to turn clients away if you don’t like their
lifestyle choices or breed of dog.
(Ans – False
True or False. A CPDT-KA should acquire written permission prior to
photographing or videoing clients
(Ans – True
- Positive
(Ans – Adding something to the environment giving something to the
learner. - Negative
(Ans – Taking something away from the environment. Removing or
withholding something from the learner.
Reinforcer
(Ans – Something the learner will work to earn. Something the learner finds
pleasurable. Something that strengthens the likelihood that a behavior will
repeat.
Punisher
(Ans – Something the learner will work to avoid. Something the learner finds
aversive. Something that diminishes the likelihood that a behavior will be
repeated
Primary reinforcer
(Ans – Food, reproductive opportunity, water, physical and emotional
security, and play
Secondary reinforcer
(Ans – A stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer. A clicker, a
simple behavior
Tertiary reinforcer
(Ans – A behavior or stimulus that has been paired with a secondary
reinforcer
Stimulus
(Ans – Something that elicits a behavior
Response
(Ans – The behavior elicited by a stimulus
Antecedent
(Ans – Something that comes before a behavior. Often a stimulus or a cue.
Behavior
(Ans – Something that the learner does in response to the antecedent.
Consequence
(Ans – What occurs in response to the behavior
Unconditioned
(Ans – A stimulus or response that has meaning but is not learned. Often
initiates a reflex
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CPDT-KA Exam
Operant Conditioning – Skinner
(Ans- learned by association -works with voluntary behaviors – applying
reinforcement or punishment after the behavior
Creator of this method considered a “reinforcer” something that made a
behavior occur more frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it
wasn’t a reinforcement.
Formula:
Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence
Classical Conditioning – Pavlov
(Ans- Learned association between 2 events: 1 event is neutral and 1 event
elicits an unconditioned response. Works with INVOLUNTARY/automatic
behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (like ringing a bell)
BEFORE it.
Learning
(Ans- a change in behavior that lasts for a long time
Performance
(Ans- the doing of a behavior, doesn’t mean that something was learned
Discriminative Stimulus
(Ans- Your command
Temporary Criteria
(Ans- the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing a command
that is new to the dog
Reward Based Training
(Ans- uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative punishment
(removing something the dog likes – i.e. your attention)
Primary Reinforcer
(Ans- food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Food activates
parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, &
result in training process being enjoyable
Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer
(Ans- Clicker, saying “yes”, . . . marks a behavior as rewardable and
promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting,
clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. all of these are learned
through classical conditioning.
Tertiary Reinforcer
(Ans- cues the dog knows and enjoys doing. the doing is the reinforcer
One of the most important points about reinforcement
(Ans- Do not feed or reinforce unwanted behaviors during training
Shaping
(Ans- rewards dog for successive approximations of the behavior
Luring
(Ans- lead the dog into the behavior by tempting with a treat
Prompting
(Ans- Much like luring only the animal can’t see the treat
Chaining
(Ans- method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. each
behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Doing
this from the last step to the first step is usually the most efficient way – with
the last behavior trained first, followed by a reward. Then teach the
behavior that will preceed that one, etc.
Free Shaping
(Ans- No instruction, cues or input is given, except for the clicker.
Stimulus Control
(Ans- how a dog responds to cue
Under stimulus control
(Answhen dog does not:
- refuse to give behavior when cued to do so
2.give the behavior if not cued to do so
3.give the behavior for a different cue - give a different behavior on the cue
Superstitious Behavior
(Ans- some irrelevant behavior that the dog performs along with the desired
one thinking that it’s required to earn the reward. Usually the result of an
accidental reinforcement
VSR
(Ans- Variable Schedules of Reinforcement – for fluency
Differential Reinforcement
(Ans- A type of VSR where we look for the best examples of the behavior
to reward & ignore other offers
Limited Hold
(Ans- (VSR) Reward is available only for a certain length of time. It
rewards the SPEED of response.
Operant conditioning
(Ans- Majority of dog training is this type
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CPDT Study Questions. Terry Ryan, Sophia
Yin, Pryor, Reid
Variable Schedule of Reinforcement
(Ans- “Simply means that sometimes you reinforce a behavior, sometimes
you don’t.” – Karen Pryor
Relationship between shaping, extinction bursts and reinforcement
schedules
(Ans- Dog hits a plateau while shaping. I’m reinforcing less. Dog
experiments. Frustrations leads to faster and more vigorous responses
(mini-extinction burst). Now trainer has something to choose from!
What are “High Drive Dogs”?
(Ans- Dogs that are “hot” for moving object reinforcers.
What is D.T.P. and what is it’s limit as a motivator?
(Ans- Desire to Please. It can’t be an exclusive motivator.
What is, “Establishing operation”?
(Ans- Trainers deliberately using deprivation to increase motivation. (Like
not feeding until training session or keeping dog isolated).
Bad thing ends
(Ans- Negative reinforcer
Good thing starts
(Ans- Positive reinforcement
Good thing ends
(Ans- Negative punishment
Bad thing starts
(Ans- Positive punishment
Operant conditioning is deliberately manipulating the [A] to control the
dog’s [B].
(Ans- A. Consequences B. Behavior
In operant conditioning, animals can change what happens by
__.
(Ans- Responding in a certain way
Behavior is always under the control of its….
(Ans- Consequences.
Classical Conditioning is the tip off to [A], both [B], allow animals to [C] for
the [D].
(AnsA. Important events
B. Good and nasty
C. Prepare themselves
D. Inevitable
Classical conditioning is the strengthening of the [A] power of something
that has previously had none, by consistently putting it [B], usually, [C].
(AnsA. Predictive Power
B. Ahead of something else
C. Something important
What does “conditioning” mean?
(Ans- Strengthening
When a dog sits it is called a [A]. An individual [A] is called a [B]. One
instance of an [A] plus reinforcer is called a [C] A series of 5 to 10 [C’s] is
called a [D]. A series of [D’s] is called a [E].
(Ans- A. Response. B. Rep. C. Trial. D. Set. E. Session.
What is a bite/fear threshold?
(Ans- Multiple stimuli combined to elicit a bite or reaction. (Strange
men/night-time/food bowl).
What are the four F’s for which play and rough housing are a rehearsal?
(Ans- Fighting, fleeing, feeding, f#&king.
Agonistic behavior
(Ans- Ritual conflict/resolution encounters between dogs -as a substitute
for flat-out attacking. (Stares, growls, snarls, snaps, reduced-force biting).
What is the best way for a puppy/dog to obtain a cushion of habituation to
any category of people?
(Ans- While it is a puppy, hand feet it!
What is “bounce back”?
(Ans- Resilience in character. The more puppies encounter novel
situations, and it initially is spooked, the more it gets over it. It habituates.
According to “Culture Clash”, what is the best time period for socialization?
(Ans- 3 to 5 months. But lots of dog people say it is 7 to 11 weeks. Sophia
Yin says something different.
What is a definition of “socialization using another common term?
(Ans- Habituation, or getting used to environmental eleents through
exposure to them.
Add something to increase behavior
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement
Remove something to get behavior I like
(Ans- Negative Reinforcement
Add something to decrease behavior
(Ans- Positive Punishment
Remove something to decrease behavior
(Ans- Negative Punishment
CRF
(Ans- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule: Every occurrence of the
response is followed by a reward. Best for first teaching a behavior.
PRF, AKA __
(Ans- Partial Reinforcement Schedule, or, Intermittent Reinforcement
Schedule. Responding is rewarded only after certain responses have been
completed. Umbrella term. There are many types.
FR
(Ans- Fixed Ratio. It is a type of PRF/IRF. a reward is given after every set
number of responses. On a FR-5 schedule, every 5 responses receive a
reward. Very high and steady response rate except for the postreinforcement pause after the reward.
VR
(Ans- Variable Ratio. A type of PRF/IRF. The number of responses for a
reward changes from one reward to another. On a VR-5 the average will be
5 responses. Response is high and steady with minimal post-reinforcement
pause. “Ratio strain” happens is the VR average is increased too fast.
RR
(Ans- Random Reinforcement. A type of Partial/Intermittent reinforcement
schedule. Similar to Variable Ratio.
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CPDT Exam Learning Theory
Clicker Training
(Ans- A system of teaching that uses positive reinforcement in combination
with an event marker.
Reinforcers (Or Rewards)
(Ans- Anything that occurring in conjunction with an act tends to increase
the probability that the act will occur again.
Reinforcers are relative not absolute.
Marker
(Ans- Precise communication of which actions will earn reinforcers by the
use of a consistent sound that “marks” actions or events that we like.
Clicker Process
(Ans- Watch for Behavior, Mark the Behavior, Reinforce the Behavior.
When To Click?
(Ans- As the behavior is occurring – not afterwards.
Reinforcing
(Ans- Strengthening the behavior so that it is very likely to happen again.
Treats
(AnsSelect four or five different treats
Make treats small
Soft treats are usually better
The tougher the training – the better the food should be!
Life Rewards
(Ans- Things or activities that your dog really enjoys doing (non-food
related). Fetching, toys, affection, praise etc.
Clicker
(Ans- An event marker to indicate the moment in time the desired behavior
happens. Note: Studies have shown that the clicker is more effective and
accurate than voice markers are.
What Makes A Good Event Marker?
(AnsBrief – Identifies one movement or part of movement, not a series of
events.
Distinct – easily noticed.
Different – not confused with other stimuli.
Neutral – has no meaning or association beyond the one that has been
deliberately chosen.
Easy to Deliver
Clicker Trainers Are?
(AnsExcellent observers of behavior
Precise
Generous with Reinforcement
Consistent
Benefits of Clicker Training
(AnsAccelerates learning
Strengthens human-animal bond
Produces long-term recall
Encourages creativity and initiative
Forgives human mistakes
Generates enthusiastic learners
What is Training?
(Ans- Teaching animals learned behavior
Reinforcement
(AnsA. Event that occurs during or upon completion of a behavior.
B. Increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future.
Applied Behavior Analysis
(Ans- The science of learning
A-B-C
(AnsThe process of learning as defined by:
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Example:
Antecedant: Squirrel crosses in front of your dog.
Behavior: Dog chases squirrel
Consequence: Fun!
Note: Consequence is the most powerful training tool and positive
reinforcement is the most powerful type of consequence you have for
training.
Trainers can influence the operant conditioning process at what two
junctures of the ABC?
(Ans- Antecedents (cue or trigger for behavior) and Consequence (what
happens after the behavior). Behavior is an outcome of these two things.
What are the three types of consequences?
(AnsIgnore
Reinforce
Punish
Quandrants of Operant Conditioning? (Pat Miller style)
(Ans1. Positive Reinforcement – dogs behavior makes a good thing occur;
behavior increases.
- Positive Punishment – dogs behavior makes a bad thing occur; behavior
decreases. - Negative Reinforcement – dogs behavior makes a bad thing go away;
behavior increases. - Negative Punishment – dogs behavior makes a good thing go away;
behavior decreases.
Operant Conditioning
(Ans- The reinforcement of conscious behavior deliberately offered by the
learner. (Coined by BF Skinner)
The learner is the operator deliberately performing a learned behavior to
access reinforcers.
Operant Conditioning Symbols
(AnsBehavior Increase
R+ (Positive Reinforcement)
R- (Negative Reinforcement)
Behavior Decrease
P+ (Positive Punishment)
P- (Negative Punishment)
Quandrants of Operant Conditioning (Karen Pryor Style)
(Ans- Positive Reinforcement – the addition of a stimulus that increases the
occurrence of a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement – the removal of a stimulus that increases the
occurrence of a behavior.
Positive Punishment – the addition of a stimulus decreases the occurrence
of a behavior.
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CPDT-KA Exam preparation
E-collars should be considered
(Ans- As a last resort, and part of the punishment tier of the humane
hierarchy
According to the Humane hierarchy, the first step in training is to
(Ans- Confirm that the dog is in good health and receiving proper nutrition
The CCPDT code of ethics requires all of the following
(AnsRefraining from use of derogatory cultural terms
Regular updating of client contact lists
Recommending other trainers with more experience
The humane hierarchy states that the following comes immediately before
using positive reinforcement training to establish a new behavior
(Ans- Management such as gates and crates
The following is an unacceptable aversive method which could cause your
CPDT-KA certification to be revoked
(Ans- Ear pinch method of dumbbell retrieve
Is it acceptable to receive a percentage of income from referrals to another
professional
(Ans- No
Telling a new client about the harsh training methods of another dog trainer
is considered
(Ans- Defamation of a colleague and unethical
Once you have become a CPDT-KA, you must recertification by
(Ans- Earning 36 CEUS every 3 years.
If a client with a disability wants to attend your group class you should
(Ans- Help the client by providing a reasonable accommodation to mediate
her disability
To protect your clients identity at all times you should never
(Ans- Keep registration forms where class members can see them
True or False. It is permissible to bring noted into the CPDT-KA exam
testing center.
(Ans- False
True or False. It is permissible to turn clients away if you don’t like their
lifestyle choices or breed of dog.
(Ans- False
True or False. A CPDT-KA should acquire written permission prior to
photographing or videoing clients
(Ans- True
- Positive
(Ans- Adding something to the environment giving something to the
learner. - Negative
(Ans- Taking something away from the environment. Removing or
withholding something from the learner.
Reinforcer
(Ans- Something the learner will work to earn. Something the learner finds
pleasurable. Something that strengthens the likelihood that a behavior will
repeat.
Punisher
(Ans- Something the learner will work to avoid. Something the learner finds
aversive. Something that diminishes the likelihood that a behavior will be
repeated
Primary reinforcer
(Ans- Food, reproductive opportunity, water, physical and emotional
security, and play
Secondary reinforcer
(Ans- A stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer. A clicker, a
simple behavior
Tertiary reinforcer
(Ans- A behavior or stimulus that has been paired with a secondary
reinforcer
Stimulus
(Ans- Something that elicits a behavior
Response
(Ans- The behavior elicited by a stimulus
Antecedent
(Ans- Something that comes before a behavior. Often a stimulus or a cue.
Behavior
(Ans- Something that the learner does in response to the antecedent.
Consequence
(Ans- What occurs in response to the behavior
Unconditioned
(Ans- A stimulus or response that has meaning but is not learned. Often
initiates a reflex
Conditioned
(Ans- A stimulus, response etc. that has been taught to have meaning to
the learner.
Neutral
(Ans- A stimulus that has no learned or reflexive meaning to the learner
Counter conditioned
(Ans- A stimulus response that has a new redefined meaning than
previously learned.
Desensitization
(Ans- Presentation of low levels of a conditioned stimulus. The learner can
avoid responding
Habituation
(Ans- Allowing dog to get used to it
Overlearning
(Ans- Making the lesson so strong in the learner’s mind that they know it in
all environment
Eustress
(Ans- Good stress. A prime internal state for learning
Distress
(Ans- Bad stress
Elicited behavior
(Ans- Involuntary reflex or emotion-uncontrolled
Emitted
(Ans- Voluntary choice
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CPDT-KA Study Guide: Ethology, Learning
Theory, and Husbandry.
Species Designation
(Ans- Canis Lupis Familiaris
What does “Tame” mean?
(Ans- (v) to domesticate; (adj) a domesticated animal which is not
dangerous or frightened of people;
What is “Domestication”?
(Ans- (v) Adapting an animal (or plant) to life in intimate association with
and to the advantage of humans; (adj- “domestic”) An animal that has
undergone extensive behavioral and biological changes resulting from
selective breeding over the course of many generations resulting in
tameness
What does “Neoteny” mean?
(Ans- The retention of immature characteristics in adulthood
*Many modern dog breeds retain neotenous characteristics.
What does “Phylogeny” mean?
(Ans- The evolutionary history of an organism
What is “Phylogenetic Behavior” (in dogs)?
(AnsBehaviors common to the dog as a species:
*Food acquisition
*Hazard avoidance, safety/comfort seeking
*Reproductive behaviors
What are “Fixed Action Patterns”?
(Ans- Innate or phylogenetic behaviors which must be completed before
the animal stops;
Examples: urine marking even if the dog has no urine remaining in system
or circling before laying on a blanket
What is “Ontogenetic Behavior”?
(Ans- A response to environmental influences. It is learned, has be
rewarded, and can be modified. ie. dog running to name after being fed
previously when name was called
Tempermant
(Ans- Nature v. Nurture; Learned v. Innate.
Instinctive Drift
(Ans- The Breland Effect. The prepotency of strong instinctive behavior
patterns over those which have been conditioned. Wherever an animal had
strong instructive behavior, the organism will drift toward instinctive
behavior to the detriment of the conditioned behavior.
Critical Periods
(Ans- 3-16 weeks. Socialization window begins to diminish by 16 weeks.
Testosterone
(Ans- Influences behaviors such as mounting, mating, searching for
females, scent marking, and aggression. If the dog has a history of being
reinforced for such behaviors, that behavior now has a conditioned element
and doesn’t depend on testosterone.
Female Hormones
(Ans- Estrogen and progesterone. Estrus twice a year. 20 days duration.
Spaying does not reduce aggression levels in females. Instead may
increase.
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