Exam 2: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam Review |Modules 4-6| Complete Guide with Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Rasmussen

Exam 2: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam Review |Modules 4-6| Complete Guide with Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Rasmussen

Exam 2: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (Latest 2023/
2024 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam Review |Modules 4-6| Complete Guide
with Verified Answers| 100% CorrectRasmussen
Q: What is emesis?
Answer:
vomiting
Q: what is the etiology of vomiting/emesis?
Answer:

1. protective (drug/ETOH overdose, infection)
2. obstructions
3. pain associated w other pathologies
   Q: what are clinical manifestations of vomiting/emesis?
   Answer:
4. nausea/retching
5. color/quality: hematemesis, yellow/green, deep brown, undigested, force
   Q: what are treatment implications for vomiting/emesis?
   Answer:
6. treat underlying cause
7. fluid/electrolyte/acid-base balance, IV fluids, antiemetics

Q: what is the pathogenesis of vomiting/emesis (process)?
Answer:

1. medulla stimulated and coordinated reflex response through cranial nerves
2. glottis closes, soft palate rises to close airway
3. deep inspiration; diaphragm contracts
4. gastroesopheal sphincter and fundus of stimach relax
5. abdominal muscles contract forcefully
6. anti-peristalic waves
   Q: what is the vomit/emesis center?
   Answer:
   medulla
   Q: What is a hiatal hernia (pathogenesis)?
   Answer:
7. weakened diaphragm allows stomach to protrude through opening
8. inflammation of esophagus
   Q: what is the etiology of a hiatal hernia?
   Answer:
9. increased intrathoracic pressure (vomiting straining w/ BM)
10. increased intraabdominal pressure (pregnancy, obesity)
    Q: what are clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia?
    Answer:
11. indigestion, heartburn (pyrosis), belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia
12. WORSE after meals, when sitting/lying
    Q: How is a hiatal hernia diagnosed?
    Answer:
13. H&P
14. barium swallow
15. X-ray
16. manometry
17. EDG
    Q: what are treatment implications of hiatal hernia?
    Answer:
18. strategies to reduce regurgitation

• small means
• positioning

1. loose weight
2. dont smoke
3. stress management
4. meds
5. surgery if severe
   Q: What is GERD?
   Answer:
   gastroesophageal reflux disease
   Q: what is the pathogenesis of GERD?
   Answer:

incompetent LES (decreased LES pressure or increased stomach pressure) allows gastic content
to flow into and irritate esophagus
Q: what is the etiology of GERD?
Answer:

1. food (chocolate, ETOH, nicotine, caffeine, citrus, spicy/fatty foods, peppermint
2. pregnancy/obesity
3. medications
4. NG tube
5. delayed gastric emptying
   Q: what are clinical manifestations of GERD?
   Answer:
6. heartburn, epigastric pain, dysphagia, nausea, dry cough, regurgitation, sensation of lump in
   throat
7. strictures, ulcerations, esphageal cancer, asthema (bigger issues)
   Q: How is GERD diagnosed?
   Answer:
8. H&P
9. barium swollow
10. EGD
11. esphageal PH monitoring
12. manometry
    Q: what are treatment implications for GERD?
    Answer:
13. avoid triggers
14. medications for symptoms
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