Neuroscience EXAM 2– USA (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Exam Prep with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A

Neuroscience EXAM 2– USA (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Exam Prep with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A

Neuroscience EXAM 2– USA (Latest 2023/
2024 Update) Exam Prep with Questions and
Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Q: foramen magnum
Answer:
where most of the vertebral arteries runs up through and feeds blood up to the rest of the brain
Q: foramen spinosum
Answer:
where the middle meningeal artery runs
Q: jugular foramen
Answer:
where the jugular vein runs up through the skull
Q: herniations
Answer:
shifting of the brain due to vascular damage
Q: The 4 Ventricles
Answer:

• 2 lateral ventricles
• third ventricle
• fourth ventricle

Q: Choroid Plexus
Answer:

• made up of ependymal cells, produce CSF
• cilia movement circulate CSF
• fxn: buoyancy, cushioning, cleaning, ionic balance, pressure gradient
  Q: CSF Flow:
  Answer:
  -produced by choroid plexus
  -Lateral ventricles
  -foramen of monro
  -3rd ventricle
  -cerebral aqueduct
  -4th ventricle
  -foramen of Luscka and Magendie
  -subarachnoid space
  -granulations
  -arachnoid villi
  Q: Cisterns
  Answer:
• within subarachnoid space
• large pockets
  *provides place to extract CSF via lumbar puncture
  Q: CSF Visual Examination
  Answer:
• Normal: sparking clear
• abnormal: cloudy/colored

Q: How does the CSF exit?
Answer:

• arachnoid granulations
• dumps into venous sinus
  Q: Disorders of the CSF System:
  Hydrocephalus
  Answer:
• dilation of ventricles 2 degrees due to:

1. blocked CSF circulation
2. impeded CSF absorption
3. too much production
   *results in pressure onto corticobulbar and corticospinal stracts –> increased weakness
   Q: Disorders of the CSF System:
   Increased Intercranial Pressure
   Answer:

• any increase in size of any structure
  e.g. diffuse cerebral edema, tumors, hemmorrhage, etc.
  *symptoms: headache, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension, loss of consciousness, papilledema;
  treatment elevate bed 30 degrees to avoid obstructing jugular venous return, drain, shunt, give
  medications
  Q: Where is lumbar puncture performed?
  Answer:
• below L3
• typically b/t L4 & L5
  Q: Separations of the dura membranes create _ that are important parts of the __

---

Answer:
sinuses; venous system
Q: Cavernous Sinus
Answer:

• area where superior, inferior, and straight sinuses converge
• sits on Sella Turcica of skull
• surrounds pituitary gland
• internal carotid runs through
  *abnormality in venous return compresses CNs or artery
  Q: Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
  Answer:
• tight junctions b/t endothelial cells lining capillary walls
• astrocytes abutting on capillaries
  *lipid-soluble can go across; water soluble cannot
  Q: Differential Diagnosis of Headache
  Answer:
• vascular (migraine, cluster headache)
• tension
• acute trauma
• hemorrhage
  *important to look for sudden intense headaches
  Q: Anterior circulation of brain comes off of what artery?
  Answer:
  Internal carotid
  (common carotid >>> internal/external carotid >>> anterior and middle cerebral artery)
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