Midterm Exam: NUR631/ NUR 631 (Latest 2023/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- GCU
Midterm Exam: NUR631/ NUR 631 (Latest
2023/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and
Pathophysiology Exam| Questions and
Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade AGCU
Q: If a patient has A and B alleles what is their blood type?
Answer:
type AB
Q: What cells increase with a parasitic infection?
Answer:
Eosinophiles
Q: What do you NEVER use for wound care?
Answer:
H202
Q: Why are there oral or IM vaccines?
Answer:
Antigens are transported to different lymph nodes depending on the route.
Q: Why do neonates have a poor inflammatory response?
Answer:
The compliment system is lacking
Q: What is an endogenous opioid?
Answer:
Endomorphins
Q: What nerve fibers transmit pain impulses?
Answer:
Myelinated A-Delta fibers
Q: What electrolytes do you need to assess with Lithium toxicity?
Answer:
Sodium
(risk for hyponatremia)
Q: Why do antipsychotic medications cause tardive dyskinesia?
Answer:
They mimic dopamine
Q: Patients with depression have a decrease in which receptor binding neu- rotransmitter?
Answer:
Serotonin
Q: What type of mood disorder generally is caused by disorders in the hypo- thalamic and
pituitary adrenal system?
Answer:
Depression
Q: How is depression and cortisol secretion linked?
Answer:
Cortisol causes inflamma- tion, inflammation causes depression.
Q: What neurotransmitter is lacking in people with schizophrenia?
Answer:
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Q: What kind of bleed is suspected with a positive Kernig and Brudzinski sign?
Answer:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Q: What vascular malformation results in bleeding?
Answer:
Arterial venous malforma- tion (AVM)
Q: An AIDS patient with fever, clumsy, difficulty walking needs what type of treatment?
Answer:
Antibiotics (suspect infection)
Q: What medication treats toxoplasmosis?
Answer:
Powered by https://learnexams.com/search/study?query=
What is it called when a diabetic has hypoglycemia, and the body overcompensates with hyperglycemia?
Somogyi Effect
What allows transportation across the cell membrane?
Proteins
What stops water soluble molecules from crossing over the cell membrane?
The lipid Bilayer
What period of the heart has nothing happening and no other action if possible?
Absolute refractory Period
What is needed to allow fluid movement from the arterial end of a capillary into the interstitial fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure
What type of cell adapts by replacing one type with another type?
Metaplasia
What type of cell process increase the number of cells such as a women’s breast enlarging when pregnant?
Hyperplasia
What is a risk of too many blood transfusions?
Hemosiderosis (too much iron)
What causes the cells to shrink, confusion, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma?
Hypernatremia
pH 7.28, HCO3 28, C02 60?
Respiratory acidosis non compensated
What is an X linked disorder, short statue, webbed neck?
Turner’s syndrome
Why would one twin have asthma but the other does not?
Epigenetics
If a patient has A and B alleles what is their blood type?
type AB
What cells increase with a parasitic infection?
Eosinophiles
What do you NEVER use for wound care?
H202
Why are there oral or IM vaccines?
Antigens are transported to different lymph nodes depending on the route.
Why do neonates have a poor inflammatory response?
The compliment system is lacking
What is an endogenous opioid?
Endomorphins
What nerve fibers transmit pain impulses?
Myelinated A-Delta fibers
What electrolytes do you need to assess with Lithium toxicity?
Sodium (risk for hyponatremia)
Why do antipsychotic medications cause tardive dyskinesia?
They mimic dopamine
Patients with depression have a decrease in which receptor binding neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
What type of mood disorder generally is caused by disorders in the hypothalamic and pituitary adrenal system?
Depression
How is depression and cortisol secretion linked?
Cortisol causes inflammation, inflammation causes depression.
What neurotransmitter is lacking in people with schizophrenia?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
What kind of bleed is suspected with a positive Kernig and Brudzinski sign?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What vascular malformation results in bleeding?
Arterial venous malformation (AVM)
An AIDS patient with fever, clumsy, difficulty walking needs what type of treatment?
Antibiotics (suspect infection)
What medication treats toxoplasmosis?
Oral Pyrimethamine
What supplement is given to pregnant women?
Folic acid
What does folic acid prevent in pregnancy?
Neural tube defects
At what gestational age does the neurol tube close?
4 weeks
What is the priority for a C3 spinal cord injury?
Airway (C4 breathe no more)
What can we expect to see with a closed head injury?
VS unstable temporarily and then resume to normal.
Dysfunction in what part of the brain causes pinpoint and fixed pupils?
Pontine (related to the Pons)
What part of the brain do we need for cognitive operations to occur?
RAS- reticular activating system
What lab count will indicate a good immune response?
Elevated lymphocytes specially: increased bands
What is the function of a phagocyte?
Consume bacteria
What is an exotoxin?
A toxin released from bacterial growth
Why does stress lower immunity?
Stress causes cortisol which suppresses Helper T cells
What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
An antibody immune reaction directed towards antigens (slow response)
What is RhoGAM?
Prevents moms blood from making antibodies that cause hemolytic anemia in baby/Given to pregnant moms with Rh negative blood.
Why does a person get cold and clammy when stressed?
Epinephrine is released when stressed causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
How much blood loss will occur for a person to develop hypovolemic shock?
15% blood loss (750ml)
What are the symptoms of Neurogenic Shock?
Vasodilation causes: bradycardia, hypotension, cold and clammy, loss of consciousness
What is the deadliest type of shock and what patient should you treat first?
Anaphylactic Shock
When a child is in shock, why does the spleen and liver enlarge?
Venous congestion because cardiogenic shock decreases cardiac output
In a patient with septic shock, how do we know they are having a good immune response?
Increased bands
Why would a child have a capillary refill greater than 4 seconds?
Shock
What is the main goal in treating a patient with shock?
Improve supply, decrease demand
Why does a child with burns have a higher mortality/morbidity rate?
They don’t have glycogen stores
What are the signs and symptoms of shock in a newborn?
Bradycardia, hypoglycemia, irregular heartrate
How do children compensate for cardiogenic shock?
Vasoconstriction, Splanchnic artery constriction, Adrenergic response, RAS system stimulated
In a carcinoma we expect to see abnormal proliferation of what tissue?
Epithelial cells
What is it called when we can no longer see differentiation at a cellular level?
Anaplasia
Hg and HCT 7.3/15. What diagnosis would you expect?
Anemia due to chronic bleed, malabsorption, or malnutrition.
What are some ways to avoid getting cancer?
No smoking, diet, exercise, avoid hazards
What type of cancer is linked to congenital malformation syndrome?
Wilms’ Tumor
A child with AIDS is at a high risk for what?
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
If a person is never exposed to an allergen, what cells get rid of tumor cells?
Natural Killer cells
Why do lymph nodes enlarge when exposed to an infection?
B lymphocyte proliferation
What condition do you suspect in a patent who has an enlarged liver and spleen, bronze skin, and dysrhythmias?
Hemochromatosis
What type of blood cancer causes the bone marrow to make too many red blood cells?
Polycythemia Vera
Why do people with polycythemia have confusion?
Blood viscosity increasing causing clumping or clots of blood in the brain
What type of patient is NOT at risk for DIC?
termed delivery
What role does collagen play in the clotting pathway?
Activates platelets
What is the criteria to diagnose ALL?
30% lymphoblasts in blood or bone marrow
What virus is linked to Burkitt’s Lymphoma in African children?
Epstein Barr Virus
What are the signs and symptoms of early leukemia?
Bone pain, anorexia, bruising
What is the most common cause of red blood cell insufficiency in children?
Iron deficiency
G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency is what type of disorder?
X linked inherited
What is a treatment/cure for a patient with microcytic hypochromic anemia?
Cord blood transplant
What type of disorder is Von Willebrand disease?
Autosomal dominant
What labs would you order for a child who presents with fatigue, pale, and petechia?
CBC, CXR, BMP
Is cortisol lipid soluble?
Yes
Why does TSH work on TH when levels are high or low?
Negative feedback
Prolactin Releasing factor targets what tissue?
Anterior Pituitary gland
What is the biggest electrolyte concern in a patient with high blood sugar?
Potassium
What hormone inhibits Growth Hormone?
Somatostatin – inhibits GI, endocrine, pancreatic, and pituitary.
What gland excretes epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
What levels would you expect in a patient with SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)?
Low sodium, low serum osmolality
What form of Diabetes Insipidus occurs when target cells are insensitive to ADH?
Nephrogenic DI
What are the signs and symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis?
Increased HR, increased temp. (everything is elevated)
Why does a person in DKA have flu-like symptoms?
Low glucose and use of fatty acids cause Metabolic acidosis.
What is the function of calcitonin?
releases calcium out of the cells and decreases calcium levels in the blood.
What is Pancytopenia?
low level of blood cells
Why would you ask a person you suspect has Acromegaly about their sleep patterns?
Increased GH causes insomnia
what causes a type 1 diabetic to have light-headedness, tachycardia, pale, cold, clammy skin?
Hypoglycemia
What are some causes of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic?
Too much insulin, not eating, exercise
What is the Somogyi Effect?
Rebound hyperglycemia after night time hypoglycemia
What systems are impacted in a pt with uncontrolled diabetes?
Eyes, kidneys, nerves
If the parathyroid is not producing, what symptoms do you expect?
Muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, asphyxiation
If a patient has eroding teeth and no other symptoms, what do you expect is occurring?
Bulimia
What are some causes of obesity?
Metabolic syndrome, DM, heart disease, cancer
What part of the brain is affected in a patient with traumatic brain injury who does not have feeling with a pin prick?
Pons
What type of infarct causes pure motor or pure sensory deficits?
Lacunar Infarct
What symptoms do spinal damage to the upper motor neurons cause?
Paralysis then partial recovery
Where is cerebral spinal fluid made?
Choroid plexus
What type of shock should you suspect with a spinal cord injury that causes headaches and vision problems?
Neurogenic shock
What part of the brain is responsible for cognition?
Frontal lobe through RAS (reticular activation)
Damage to what part of the brain causes pinpoint fixed pupils?
Pons (Pontine dysfunction)
What happens to the persons vital signs with a closed head injury?
Temporarily unstable
What is the most important thing to do with a C3 injury?
Manage airway
What is the purpose of folic acid in pregnancy?
Prevent neural tube defects
What gestational age does neural tubes close?
4 weeks
What causes a vascular malformation that results in bleeding in the brain?
Arterial Venous Malformation
What would you suspect in an AIDS patient who has headache, fever, and altered mental status?
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
What medication would you prescribe for an AIDS patient with fever, clumsy, speech problems, and difficulty walking?
Pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis
What would you suspect in a patient with a positive Kernig and Brubinski sign?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Why do neuro changes occur in a person with Schizophrenia?
GABA dysfunction (Lack of GABA neurotransmitter/low GABA levels)
The less responsive hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) has been implicated for what condition?
Depression
People with depression tend to have higher levels of what in their blood stream?
Cortisol
People with depression have a reduced amount of what in their brain?
Serotonin (treat with SSRI to increase serotonin uptake in their brain)
What does Lithium toxicity cause?
Hyponatremia
What nerve fibers conduct pain impulses?
A-delta fibers
Name an endogenous opioid.
Endomorphin
In an AIDS pt with fever, what would you suspect needed to be treated?
Infection, Treat with antibiotics
What type of infarct is a microsystemic CVA with pure sensory or motor defects?
Lacunar infarct
What symptoms are caused by the Simogyi Effect?
Hypoglycemia with rebound hyperglycemia
What enzyme is used by the cell membrane to transport nutrients?
Protease
What part of the cell membrane is hydrophobic or NOT water permeable?
Lipid bilayer
What part of the cardiac cycle has nothing occurring?
Absolute refractory period
What is the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied?
Absolute refractory period
What is needed to move fluid from the arterial end into interstitial space?
Hydrostatic pressure
What type of cell adapts by replacing one with another?
Metaplasia
What is an example of hyperplasia?
Breast tissue increasing due to pregnancy
What is a risk associated with blood transfusions?
Hemosiderosis (too much iron)
A patient has a sodium level of 164. What symptoms would be present?
Confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma. (The cells shrink, and water follow sodium)
Diagnose: pH 7.28, HCO3 28, CO2 60?
Respiratory Acidosis (non compensated)
A person with A and B alleles has what type of blood?
AB
Why would one identical twin get asthma, but the other does not?
Epigenetics
What type of infection would you suspect with a high eosinophil level?
Parasite infection
Why is there a poor inflammatory response in neonates?
Compliment system is not developed (pathogens exposure develops the compliment system)
Why are there different routes for vaccines?
They impact the different lymphocytes in those areas to stimulate immunity.
What treatment is given to a patient with an IgE response?
Antihistamine
What happens in a type 2 hypersensitivity?
Antibodies bind to antigens
How is chronic pain diagnosed?
Pain lasting more than 3 months
How many people are estimated to develop a dependence on substances?
1 out of 2
What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary that stimulated uterine contraction during labor and milk production in breasts?
Oxytocin
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?
Confusion, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma
What is Hemosiderosis?
excessive accumulation of iron deposits in the tissue
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
dizziness, fatigue, nausea, headache, confusion
What is the toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell?
Endotoxin
What disorder causes absence of menses, darkening of skin, and muscle weakness?
Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)
What disorder causes a fatty hump between the shoulders, rounded face, and pick or purple stretch marks?
Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism)
What are the areas on your skin called that are attached to a specific nerve bundle?
Dermatomes
What is does a Lacunar infarct affect?
pure sensory or motor
A decreased amount of Serotonin can cause what?
Depression
What has been linked to a dysfunction or lack of GABA neurotransmitter?
Schizophrenia
What can bone pain, anorexia, and bruising be a sign of?
early leukemia
sources;