COMD 5070 Final Exam (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A

COMD 5070 Final Exam (Latest 2023/ 2024
Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing|
Questions and Verified Answers| 100%
Correct| Grade A
Q: what is the Nyquist frequency?
Answer:
half the sample rate
Q: if you want to go up one octave, you _ the frequency. Answer: double Q: if you want to go down one octave, you _ the frequency.
Answer:
halve
Q: what does a high pass filter do?
Answer:
allows high frequencies through
Q: what does a low pass filter do?

Answer:
allows low frequencies through
Q: what does a band pass filter do?
Answer:
allows a band of frequencies through (mid)
Q: what does a band reject filter do?
Answer:
holds back/attenuates a band of frequencies (allows high and low frequencies)
Q: what does a Fourier transform do?
Answer:
creates a spectrum from the time domain waveform (deconstructs the waveform)
Q: what is the cake analogy to a Fourier transform?
Answer:
analyze a cake to learn its ingredients
Q: what does a time domain display show?
Answer:
-a waveform represents sound directly
-air pressure changes over time

Q: what does a frequency domain display show?
Answer:
a line spectrum shows the frequency components of a periodic sound
Q: what is a FFT spectrum?
Answer:
fast Fourier transform
-shows harmonic energy
-each peak is a harmonic
-less clear at showing formants
Q: what is FFT reveal more of?
Answer:
vocal SOURCE
Q: what is a LPC spectrum?
Answer:
linear predictive coding
-shows spectral envelope (doesn’t show individual harmonics)
-good at revealing formants
Q: what does a LPC spectrum reveal more of?
Answer:
vocal tract FILTER
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what is science? what are the 4 features of the scientific method?

-empirical
-deterministic
-predictive
-parsimonious

what does it mean for science to be empirical?

based on data

what does it mean for science to be deterministic?

obeys physical laws

what does it mean for science to be parsimonious?

uses the simplest explanation possible

how much sampling is enough?

sample at 2x the rate of the highest frequency (e.g. data up to 5 kHz = sample at 10 kHz, data up to 100 Hz = sample at 200 Hz)

what is the Nyquist frequency?

half the sample rate

if you want to go up one octave, you ______ the frequency.

double

if you want to go down one octave, you ______ the frequency.

halve

what does a band reject filter do?

holds back/attenuates a band of frequencies (allows high and low frequencies)

what does a Fourier transform do?

creates a spectrum from the time domain waveform (deconstructs the waveform)

what is the cake analogy to a Fourier transform?

analyze a cake to learn its ingredients

what does a time domain display show?

-a waveform represents sound directly
-air pressure changes over time

what does a frequency domain display show?

a line spectrum shows the frequency components of a periodic sound

what is a FFT spectrum?

fast Fourier transform
-shows harmonic energy
-each peak is a harmonic
-less clear at showing formants

what is FFT reveal more of?

vocal SOURCE

what is a LPC spectrum?

linear predictive coding
-shows spectral envelope (doesn’t show individual harmonics)
-good at revealing formants

what does a LPC spectrum reveal more of?

vocal tract FILTER

on a spectrum, a sine wave appears as ___________.

a single line

a line spectrum is a _______ in time.

snapshot

what is the x-axis in a speech spectrogram?

X = TIME

what is the y-axis in a speech spectrogram?

Y = FREQUENCY

what does the darkness in a speech spectrogram represent?

darkness = INTENSITY

what is the difference between perturbation and modulation?

modulation is much slower than random cycle-to-cycle perturbation; modulation is spread across many cycles

what is jitter?

frequency perturbation

what is shimmer?

amplitude perturbation

what is tremor?

rhythmic change in fundamental frequency and amplitude

hoarse voices have (high/low) perturbation.

higher

what does tremor sound like?

shakiness in the voice without roughness or hoarseness

what does low modulation/high perturbation sound like?

rough but not wobbly…. sounds like Kermit

what does high perturbation/high modulation sound like?

old woman …. ahhhHHHhhHHhHhH

what does high modulation/low perturbation sound like?

aka vocal vibratto
-opera singer

what are two direct ways to measure subglottal pressure?

-tracheal puncture
-esophageal pressure (swallow sensor)

how can you estimate subglottal pressure?

produce voiceless bilabial plosive (pah, pah, pah)
-this is when oral pressure equals subglottal pressure

how do you calculate average air flow?

dividing volume used by time
-for example, if 1 liter of air is used and phonation lasts for 5 seconds
-average flow = 1/5 liters per second = 0.2 L/s

pressure = ______ times _______

resistance x flow

resistance = ______ divided by ______

pressure / flow

how does Ohm’s law relate to the voice (equation)?

laryngeal airway resistance = subglottic pressure / air flow

how can you measure flow?

pneumotachograph

a semitone is always 1/__th of an octave.

1/12th

how do semitones correlate to our pitch perception?

both systems are not linear
-difference in fundamental frequencies between males and females will have a similar standard deviation in semitones

in the source-filter model, what is the source?

larynx

in the source-filter model, what is the filter?

vocal tract

how can you vary the SOURCE behavior?
-loudness
-pitch
-voice quality

loudness – more force from lungs
pitch – stretch vocal folds to increase tension
voice quality – breathy? adjust space between arytenoids

how can you vary the FILTER behavior?

tongue/jaw movement

as you lower tongue and jaw, you ______ F1 frequency.

increase

as you raise tongue and jaw, you ______ F1 frequency.

decrease

as you move tongue forward, (increase/decrease) F2 frequency.

increase

as you move tongue backward, (increase/decrease) F2 frequency.

decrease

what happens to F1 in a stop closure?

F1 is very low

what are the places of articulation for a stop?

bilabial /p,b/ alveolar /t,d/ velar /k,g/

for a voiced stop, how long is the stop gap?

short

in recognizing emotional tone in speech, what listener group performed the best?

women EMT polyglots – process of learning another language might sensitize you to learning sounds and human communication more generally and make you a more effective listener/identifier of emotion

what are the two main classes of linguistic prosody?

1) pitch-based
-it’s in the mail
-it’s in the mail?

2) pause-based
-a woman without her man is nothing.
-a woman: without her, man is nothing.

what is affective prosody?

emotional prosody

what is anticipatory/forward coarticulation?

earlier sound is influenced by a later sound
e.g. “spoon”, lip rounding for /s/ which is not common

what is retentive/backward coarticulation?

a later sound is influenced by an earlier one
e.g. “no”, /o/ is nasalized because of /n/

how is F0 affected by enthusiastic intonation?

higher average and maximum F0

when a word is spoken with contrastive stress, what happens to the F0, duration, and amplitude (dB)?

higher F0
longer duration
higher dB

what is characteristic of clear articulation (speech clarity)?

-longer segment durations
-released stops (hah v. haT)
-less articulatory undershoot

what is the Lindblom’s H&H hypothesis?

hypo
-relaxed atmosphere
hyper
-in noisy environments

T/F: Perceived nasality is linked rigidly to VP port orifice size.

FALSE
-no link between perceived nasality and VP port orifice size
-no perceived nasality for modest openings

what should nasal air flow be during vowels?

low

what should nasal air flow be during pressure consonants?

near zero

Flow during oral consonants indicates _______.

leakage

how many microphones are involved in acoustic nasometry?

two

what does the upper microphone do?

records NASAL acoustic signal

what does the lower microphone do?

records ORAL acoustic signal

what does the acoustic nasometer display show?

degree of nasalance
-relative amount of nasal energy to total energy

EMG intramusuclar electrodes are for what?

fine detail

EMG surface electrodes are for what?

overall activity measures of larger muscles

where do the electrical activity signals orignate from?

central nervous system (CNS)

what do these signals reveal?

details of neural control

T/F: is the value of EMG in understanding speech motor control controversial?

TRUE

what are the three signal processing techniques that help summarize information?

1) rectification
2) smoothing
3) averaging

what does rectification do?

all negative values made positive

what does smoothing do?

low pass filter

what does averaging do?

composite picture of activity of muscle

what are the three uses of a palatometer?

-display patterns of tongue contact
-useful in assessing articulation problems
-provides biofeedback during therapy

which sounds show up best on a palatometer?

most consonants and some vowels

what are the limitations of the palatometer?

-remember motor equivalence – different articulation patterns can produce the same sound
-remember coarticulation
-does not reveal tongue movements

how does magnetic jaw tracking work?

-single permanent magnet attached to teeth
-headset detects magnet movements

how does electromagnetic articulography work?

-uses several electromagnetic signals
-each transmitter has its own frequency
-wires to each sensor

what are other technologies that can track lip or jaw movement?

-strain guages
-optical movement detection (Optotrak system)

what is the process of speech motor control? (5)

1) correct timing and depth of INHALATION
2) appropriate RESPIRATORY phase for PHONATION
3) suitable level of VOCAL FOLD ADDUCTION
4) relative timing of VOICE ONSETS and OFFSETS
5) multiple vocal tract structures move for each PHONEME
-TIMING and COORDINATION are precise in normal speech

what is a hypothesis?

tentative prediction on a specific topic

what is a theory?

a broader conceptual explanation based on many observations

what is a model?

a simulation used to explain or test

what does the acoustic goal theory of speech say?

-specifics of movement control are less important than the acoustic/perceptual result (i.e. how you get there isn’t as important as how it sounds)
-motor equivalence allow flexibility – more than one way to achieve the goal

what does a bite block tell us about speech?

a bite block changes the function of the jaw but the acoustic goal can still be achieved… just in a different way

what are some problems with non-speech oral motor exercises?

-rationale behind these exercises – great ROM means better speech (analogy – you don’t lift weights to be a better concert pianist)

PROBLEM IS…. no evidence to prove it

during early childhood, auditory feedback is _______ for learning how to make certain sounds but ________ later in life.

essential (early on)
not as necessary later in life (closed-loop feedback is inappropriate for speaking)

what is open-loop feedback?

-predictive
-based on experience

what is the analogy for open-loop feedback?

ARCHERY
-control only up to point that arrow is released
-through a number of trials, you realize that a certain action results in success or not

what is closed-loop feedback?

-ongoing
-leads to corrective adjustments

what is the analogy for closed-loop feedback?

DRIVING ALONG A TWISTY ROAD
-need constant visual feedback to ensure safety

what are motor program theories?

-plans are made before movements begin
-planning involves MOVEMENT SELECTION and SEQUENCING

what supports motor program theories?

reaction time data

what is the analogy for motor program theories?

production is like playing out a written musical score
-YOU are the composer and orchestra
-you are producing the speech you planned just previously

what is the criticism/limitation of motor program theories?

-STORAGE PROBLEM – can we store all possible movement patterns for any sound or syllable we speak?
-FLEXIBILITY – can a program be flexibly adapted?

how does the tongue move during acoustically identified phoneme boundaries?

dynamically and constantly

how does categorical perception differ from continuous perception?

While both continuous and categorical perception have no right or wrong responses, they differ in that categorical perception represents a binary, one choice or another, whereas continuous perception offers a range of choices. In the loudness chart, two people can have drastically different perceptions of how loud a tone is. In the da/ta plot, there are only two choices, and most people’s crossover points should lie within 20 ms of each other.

what is phonetic memory and what are some characteristics?

-it is lasting
-forms long-term sound template
-you can compare incoming sounds against template

how is phonetic memory acquired?

repeated exposure to sounds

what happens in the identification test?

one stimulus at a time
-listener reports or labels what was heard

what types of responses can you get in the identification test?

open-response set or forced choice
-no right or wrong answers, just response patterns

what happens in the discrimination test?

no need to label what was heard
-are the two stimuli the same or different?

what types of responses can you get in the discrimination test?

correct or incorrect