NR565 / NR 565 Week 1 Quiz (Latest 2024 / 2025): Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals – Chamberlain
NR-565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Week 1 Quiz
What is a “blinded” study?
Correct Answer:
-patients receiving the drug don’t know if they are getting the placebo or
drug & neither does the physician
-the effects for the experimental and control groups are compared
Which Amendment strengthened drug regulation after the Thalidomide
tragedy in Europe?
Correct Answer:
The Harris-Kefauver Amendment to the FDA and the Cosmetic Act of 1962.
What is the purpose of having a trade name (proprietary or brand name) for
a drug?
Correct Answer:
Trade names are easy to recall and pronounce, and good for marketing
purposes.
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Pharmacodynamics
is the study of how drugs affect the body
pharmacokinetics
is the study of how the body affects the drug.the study of the way the body deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs under investigation expressed in mathematical terms.
Absorption:
Absorption is the process whereby a substance entering the body is assimilated by it. For proper pharmacokinetics study, it is necessary to know both the rate and the extent to which the active substance or therapeutic moiety are absorbed. They include substances intended to produce / not produce systematic effects.
Distribution:
Distribution is the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.
Metabolism:
Metabolism is the process whereby a substance is irreversibly transformed into metabolites.
Excretion:
Sweat Excretion is the elimination of the substance from the body. In rare cases, not all substances are eliminated; some drugs irreversibly accumulate in a tissue in the body.
Agonist
A drug that binds to and activates a receptor. Can be full, partial or inverse. A full agonist has high efficacy, producing a full response while occupying a relatively low proportion of receptors. A partial agonist has lower efficacy than a full agonist. It produces sub-maximal activation even when occupying the total receptor population, therefore cannot produce the maximal response, irrespective of the concentration applied. An inverse agonist produces an effect opposite to that of an agonist, yet it binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist.
Antagonist
A drug that attenuates the effect of an agonist. Can be competitive or non-competitive, each of which can be reversible or irreversible. A competitive antagonist binds to the same site as the agonist but does not activate it, thus blocks the agonist’s action. A non-competitive antagonist binds to an allosteric (non-agonist) site on the receptor to prevent activation of the receptor. A reversible antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor, therefore can be “washed out”. An irreversible antagonist binds covalently to the receptor and cannot be displaced by either competing ligands or washing.
BMax
The maximum amount of drug or radioligand, usually expressed as picomoles (pM) per mg protein, which can bind specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation. Can be used to measure the density of the receptor site in a particular preparation.
Desensitization
A reduction in response to an agonist while it is continuously present at the receptor, or progressive decrease in response upon repeated exposure to an agonist.
Duration of Action
The duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective. Duration of action is a function of several parameters including plasma half-life, the time to equilibrate between plasma and target compartments, and the off rate of the drug from its biological target.
Efficacy
Describes the way that agonists vary in the response they produce when they occupy the same number of receptors. High efficacy agonists produce their maximal response while occupying a relatively low proportion of the total receptor population. Lower efficacy agonists do not activate receptors to the same degree and may not be able to produce the maximal response.
Half-life
Half-life (t½) is an important pharmacokinetic measurement. The metabolic half-life of a drug in vivo is the time taken for its concentration in plasma to decline to half its original level. Half-life refers to the duration of action of a drug and depends upon how quickly the drug is eliminated from the plasma. The clearance and distribution of a drug from the plasma are therefore important parameters for the determination of its half-life.
Mechanism of action (MOA)
Refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.
Potency
A measure of the concentrations of a drug at which it is effective.
Silent Antagonist
A drug that attenuates the effects of agonists or inverse agonists, producing a functional reduction in signal transduction. Affects only ligand-dependent receptor activation and displays no intrinsic activity itself. Also known as a neutral antagonist.
Therapeutic Window
The therapeutic window is the amount of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects. For instance, medication with a small pharmaceutical window must be administered with care and control, e.g. by frequently measuring blood concentration of the drug, since it easily loses effects or gives adverse effects.
State the three (3) most important characteristics of any drug.
Effectiveness, safety, and selectivity.
Is it possible to have a selective drug?
No. All medications have side effects.
What is one of the problems with trade names?
Using two brand named drugs that have the same ingredient can lead to overdose
What is the purpose of having a trade name (proprietary or brand name) for a drug?
Trade names are easy to recall and pronounce, and good for marketing purposes.
Which Amendment strengthened drug regulation after the Thalidomide tragedy in Europe?
The Harris-Kefauver Amendment to the FDA and the Cosmetic Act of 1962
What is a “blinded” study?
Participants don’t know if they belong to the control or experimental group.
What type of research is required to assess drug therapies?
The randomized controlled trial is required for all new medications.
What measures help reduce adverse reactions of medication administration?
A thorough patient history to identify those who may be high-risk & education
What factors can predispose an individual to adverse reactions from drugs?
Allergies, pregnancy, age, genetics, & pathological disease (kidney or liver)
Name the three most important goals of pre-administration assessment.
Evaluate effects, identify high-risk patients, and assess for self care.
Define pharmacodynamics.
The nature and intensity of the response that the drug has on the body
Define the four phases of pharmacokinetics.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
There are two basic types of drug responses:
quantal and graded.
quantal response
Quantal effects are responses that may or may not occur. If we designate a response as either occurring or absent, it is a quantal response.
For example,
Convulsions
- Pregnancy
- Rash
- Sleep
- Death
Graded response
Graded responses are biological effects that can be measured continually up to the maximum responding capacity of the biological system
EXAMPLES OF GRADED RESPONSES TO DRUGS
- Blood pressure
- Heart rate
- Diuresis
- Bronchodilation
- FEV1
- Pain (scale 1-10)
- Coma score
Selectivity
ratio of the dose or concentration producing the undesired effect to the dose or concentration producing the desired effect
therapeutic index
is the ratio of the lethal dose of a drug to the therapeutic dose of a drug
volume of distribution (VD)
is a hypothetical value that reflects the volume in which a drug would need to be dissolved to explain the relationship between dosage and blood levels