NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Exam 1
What can food/drug interactions due
Correct Answer:
Decrease absorption
Example: Milk and cheese will decrease the absorption of Tetracycline
What are Sulfonamides
Correct Answer:
A class of antibiotics- Crystalluria is common in urine
-Drink lots of fluids, hydration is key
-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) can interact with warfarin (Coumadin) and
increase bleeding time.
**Important for nurse to understanding clotting time for patient
(Prothrombin Time PTT) as well as International Normalized Ratio (INR)
What are antibiotics
Correct Answer:
Generally aimed at killing bacteria
What are antimicrobials
Correct Answer:
aimed at inhibiting or destroying microbes such as viruses, parasites, or
fungi
What are Penicillins (PCN)
Correct Answer:
A class of antibiotics- same family as Cephalosporins.
*Patients allergic to PCN can have allergic reactions to cephalosporins too
What do you do if a patient has difficulty breathing when Penicillin is
administered by IV
Correct Answer:
Stop IV infusion of penicillin 1st, then vital signs and call physician
What are Cephalosporins
Correct Answer:
Same family of antibiotic as PCN
What are Quinolones
Correct Answer:
Class of antibioticExample: Levofloxin (Levaquin)
Serious side effect: Tendonitis/tendon rupture
What are Macrolides
Correct Answer:
Class of antibioticExample: Clarithromycin (Biaxin) used to treat strep throat, pneumonia, skin
infections, H. pylori infection, Lyme disease.
Can cause tinnitus and ototoxicity
**Works by interrupting protein synthesis in bacterial cells
-Half-life determines how frequently it’s taken per day
What is Clarithromycin
Correct Answer:
A type of Macrolides- made from erythromycin
Clarithromycin has a longer half life the erythromycin
**Erythromycin- Ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus) Shorter half life
What are Tetracyclines
Correct Answer:
Class of antibiotic
-Permanent discoloration of teeth if taken before 8 YO
-Can decrease effect of oral contraceptives
-Photosensitivity is side effect (avoid sunlight)
-A lot of water to avoid nausea & subsequent anorexia
-Dairy products decrease effectiveness as well as antacids (they inhibit
absorption of antibiotic)
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A tiny acorn grows into a mighty oak. The majority of the dry weight in the oak comes from:
a. Energy from the sunlight.
b. Carbon in the soil taken in by the roots.
c. Carbon in the air taken in through holes in the leaves,
c. Carbon in the air taken in through holes in the leaves,
With enough available nitrogen, terrestrial plant growth would be unlimited.
a. False, terrestrial plants require many nutrients. Growth would next be limited by a lack of something else.
b. True, unlimited biologically available nitrogen would result in unlimited plant growth.
a. False, terrestrial plants require many nutrients. Growth would next be limited by a lack of something else.
The water cycle consumes ~ 25% of the solar energy striking the earth during a year. How does this compare with the amount of solar energy used to fuel photosynthesis?
a. It is about the same.
b. No answer text provided.
c. Answer It is much greater.
d. It is much less.
c. or d.
solar energy is larger than what is used to fuel photosynthesis
Why does the red line (carbon graph) in this graph oscillate up and down regularly?
a. People drive more in the summer, emitting more CO2 at these times.
b. Measuring CO2 in the atmosphere is an inexact science.
c. Observations in the N. hemisphere reflect seasonal changes in CO2 emissions from large deciduous forests.
c. Observations in the N. hemisphere reflect seasonal changes in CO2 emissions from large deciduous forests.
Distilled water has a water potential of 0 bars. Pour this beneath a tree whose roots are filled with solutes resulting in a water potential of -2 bars. The water moves into the roots; what is the mechanism?
a. Osmosis.
b. Gravity.
a. Osmosis.
Which feature would a biologist consider most important in determining which guppies were the “most fit”?
a. A high number of offspring that survived to reproductive age.
b. A high number of matings with many different females.
c. The ability to swim quickly away from predators.
d. The ability to change color in response to stress.
a. A high number of offspring that survived to reproductive age.
Expressions of phenotypic plasticity differ from evolution in that:
a. Phenotypic plasticity does not represent a change in the genetic make up of a population; evolution does.
b. Phenotypic plasticity is permanent and evolution is not.
c. Phenotypic plasticity only occurs in guppies, and evolution acts on all species.
a. Phenotypic plasticity does not represent a change in the genetic make up of a population; evolution does.
When would you consider fire to be a disturbance?
a. When it enters an ecosystem that has only rarely experienced fire over evolutionary time scales.
b. When it occurs in an area with such frequency that a mature forest is unable to develop.
c. When it is stand replacing, such as fires that occur in lodgepole pine forests every 200 to 500 years.
a. When it enters an ecosystem that has only rarely experienced fire over evolutionary time scales.
In which scenario would you expect large introduced grazing animals to change the plant community composition:
a. In a valley that has been free of large grazing animals and fire over evolutionary time scales.
b. In a valley that has been free of large grazing animals but which experienced frequent fire over evolutionary time scales.
c. In a valley that has experienced both large grazing animals and frequent fire over evolutionary time scales.
a. In a valley that has been free of large grazing animals and fire over evolutionary time scales.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for evolution?
a. Individuals survive long enough to see their own offspring reproduce.
b. Parents produce more offspring than the environment can support.
c. Genetic variation exists and it is hertable.
d. Offspring with the best adaptations for their environment have higher survival rates and more reproduction.
a. Individuals survive long enough to see their own offspring reproduce.
Would you expect sun leaves to have higher or lower leaf angles (relative to the horizontal)?
a. Higher
b. Lower
a. Higher
C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation. What environmental conditions may have led to its rise?
a. A shift to a warmer, dryer climate.
b. A shift to a cooler, wetter climate.
a. A shift to a warmer, dryer climate.
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