NR565 / NR 565 EXAM QUESTIONS ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS – CHAMBERLAIN
Trigeminal neuralgia is associated with what cranial nerve?
Cranial nerve V (5)
It is a very painful severe sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with chewing
Melanoma is what?
Most aggressive type of skin cancer; the thickness of the lesion impacts prognosis
Why does glucose intolerance occurs?
Cortisol induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage by The liver.
What is significant about the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
It is where the least blood flow occurs, rhe most damage occurs in the PCT when ischemia happens
What enzyme is obtained from the kidney?
Erythropoieten
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is made where? What does it do?
It is made in the lungs; to activate angiotensin 1 in the kidneys.
What is most important for the filtration process?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
What are the functions of the kidney?
Sodium/water removal, waste removal, hormone production
What is acute renal failure?
sudden loss of kidney function due to an illness, Injury, drug, Or toxin that stresses the kidneys. ARF can be reversible
What is chronic Renal failure?
A long slow process where the kidney looses its ability to function, it occurs in different stages
What is end stage renal disease?
Irreversible loss of kidney function
What are the types of ARF?
Prerenal, intravenal, post renal
What is the most common cause of ARF?
Pre renal
What happens when pre Renal is not treated?
It can turn into intrinsic/ intrarenal and damage inside
What is pre-renal failure?
When the damage is before the kidneys due to decreased blood flow from volume depletion or hypoperfusion
Give examples of volume depletion and hypoperfusion
Too many diuretics, vomiting and diarrhea, hemorrhage;
Decreased cardiac output due to hf and artheroschlerosis
Explain pathophysiology of pre renal failure
Decreased blood flow means decreased GFR, decreased GFR means decreased renal blood flow, then decreased GFR activates RAAS. Angiotensin secretes aldosterone which increases BP volume
If creatinine is elevated..
GFR is decreased
What is intra Renal failure?
Its the damage that has occurred inside the kidney due to:
->Glomerulonephritis
->Rhabdomylosis
->Contrast dye
->Drugs/meds
->HTN (uncontrolled HTN)
->DM
TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME
What is the most common intra Renal failure?
Tubular
What is post-renal failure?
Obstruction located after the kidneys, most often a consequence from urinary obstruction
examples of post renal failure?
BPH,
Kidney stones
Bladder stones
Obstructed catheter
Tumors/ cancer ( bladder, ureters, prostate)
What is used to diagnose polynephritis? And complicated polynephritis?
Urine culture, urinalysis, signs and symptoms;
Urinary tract imaging and blood cultures (if patient is not doing well)
What can indicate polynephritis. In a urinalysis?
WBC casts indicate polynephritis but not always present in the UA
Renal calculi is what kind of acute Renal failure?
Post Renal failure
What are the goals of treatment for Renal calculi?
Pain management
Promote passage of the stone
Reduce the size of the stone
Prevent new stone formation
When is dialysis considered?
Stage 5 of CKD
CKD is associated with which conditions?
DM,
HTN,
SLE,
Intrinsic/ intra Renal kidney disease
CKD stages are based on what?
GFR and albuminuria
Signs of GERD in people over the age of 50:
Dysphagia
Odynophagia
Weight loss
N/V
Melena
Early satiety
How to prevent symptoms of a sliding hiatal hernia?
Eat small frequent meals
Do not lie down/prevent recumbent position after eating
Prevent tight clothes or abdominal supports
If obese, weight loss is recommended
Characteristic manifestations of a duodenal ulcer?
Intermittent epigastric pain,
Pain starts 30-2 hours after eating or empty stomach
Pain can occur in the middle of night and disappear in the AM
What is a peptic ulcer?
An ulceration or break in the protective mucosal lining of The lower esophagus, stomach, OR duodenum
Where is a peptic ulcer least likely to occur?
In the large intestine
What is the standard first line treatment for major deppresive disorder?
SSRI’S
Selection of an anti depressant includes?
Symptoms, age, s/e, safety, cost
What is an example of a determining prognosis of ARF?
Kidneys responding well to a diuretic, indicates that kidneys are functioning well
What is the most significant risk factor of CKD?
DM
Once stage 4 of CKD is reached, what happens next?
Progression to stage 5, dialysis, OR kidney transplant
What are the Symptoms of hiatal hernias?
Often asymptomatic until later in life
hiatal hernias are associated with…
Other GI disorders, but primarily GERD
What are the key features of social Anxiety?
Fear and avoidance of social situations.
Examples of positive schizophrenia symptoms?
Hallucinations,
delusions,
formal thought disorder,
bizarre behavior
Download the full exam pdf here https://learnexams.com/