BASI Pilates Anatomy Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
BASI Pilates Anatomy Exam (Latest 2024/
2025 Update) Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Q: Lateral Flexion
Answer:
(of the spine) side bending of the trunk to the right or left. lateral movement of the head, neck,
and trunk in the coronal plane and around the sagittal axis
Q: Multi directional – Glilding
Answer:
flat or curved surfaces articulating on one another. ie: scapula
Q: Circumduction
Answer:
combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction . ie: leg circles
Q: Rotation
Answer:
Turning around the long axis of a bone
Q: Tilt
Answer:
anterior tilt, posterior tilt and lateral tilt (equates to lateral flexion)
Q: Planter flexion
Answer:
pointing of the foot
Q: dorsi flexion
Answer:
flexing on the foot
Q: Cartilaginous Joints
Answer:
slightly movable – ie: sacroiliac joint
Q: Categories of Synovial Joints
Answer:
Gliding Joints (clavicle-scapula)
Ball and socket joint (hip, shoulder)
hinge joint (knee, elbow, ankle)
pivot joint (atlas-axis, pivot w/ head)
condyloid joint (metacarpals-phalangeal/fingers)
saddle joint (carpal-metacarpal/thumb)
Q: Anterior/Ventral
Answer:
Front side/in front of
Q: Posterior/Dorsal
Answer:
Backside/ in back of
Q: Medial
Answer:
Closer to the median plane/toward midline
Q: Sagittal Axis
Answer:
Extends from font to back and abduction-adduction occurs around it
Q: Coronal Axis
Answer:
Extends from side to side/flexion-extension occurs around it
Q: Longitudinal axis
Answer:
top to bottom/medial-lateral rotation occurs around it
Q: Anatomical Position
Answer:
Standing with arms down by side and palms facing forward
Q: Neutral Pelvis
Answer:
The position of the pelvis when the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) on each side of the pelvis
and pubic symphysis (PS), are in the same horizontal plane (coronal plane when erect) and the
two ASIS are in the same transverse plane.
Q: Neutral Spine
Answer:
natural curves of the spine are present
Q: Anterior Tilt
Answer:
ASIS in front of PS
Q: Posterior Tilt
Answer:
ASIS behind PS (tuck)
Q: ASIS
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Median plane
Dividing the body into right and left halves
Sagittal Plane
Dividing the body into unequal right and left portions
Coronal Plane
Dividing the body into front and back portions
Transverse Plane
Dividing the body into upper and lower portions
10 Pilates Principles
Awareness, Balance, Control, Efficiency, Precision, Breath, Concentration, Center, Flow, Harmony
Synovial Joint
Freely moving joint. ie: hip, shoulder etc.
Fibrous Joint
Immovable joint. Ie: skull bones (connected by dense tissue)
Flexion
movement in an anterior direction for the upper extremities and hip joint and movement in a posterior direction for the lower extremities
Extension
movement in the direction opposite to flexion
Hyperextension
excessive movement/position in the direction of extension e.g. knees, lumbar and cervical curvatures of the spine
Abduction
movement away from the mid-sagittal plane
Adduction
movement towards the mid-sagittal plane
Lateral Flexion
(of the spine) side bending of the trunk to the right or left. lateral movement of the head, neck, and trunk in the coronal plane and around the sagittal axis
Multi directional – Glilding
flat or curved surfaces articulating on one another. ie: scapula
Circumduction
combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction . ie: leg circles
Rotation
Turning around the long axis of a bone
Tilt
anterior tilt, posterior tilt and lateral tilt (equates to lateral flexion)
Planter flexion
pointing of the foot
dorsi flexion
flexing on the foot
Cartilaginous Joints
slightly movable – ie: sacroiliac joint
Categories of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joints (clavicle-scapula)
Ball and socket joint (hip, shoulder)
hinge joint (knee, elbow, ankle)
pivot joint (atlas-axis, pivot w/ head)
condyloid joint (metacarpals-phalangeal/fingers)
saddle joint (carpal-metacarpal/thumb)
Anterior/Ventral
Front side/in front of
Posterior/Dorsal
Backside/ in back of
Medial
Closer to the median plane/toward midline
Sagittal Axis
Extends from font to back and abduction-adduction occurs around it
Coronal Axis
Extends from side to side/flexion-extension occurs around it
Longitudinal axis
top to bottom/medial-lateral rotation occurs around it
Anatomical Position
Standing with arms down by side and palms facing forward
Neutral Pelvis
The position of the pelvis when the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) on each side of the pelvis and pubic symphysis (PS), are in the same horizontal plane (coronal plane when erect) and the two ASIS are in the same transverse plane.
Neutral Spine
natural curves of the spine are present
Anterior Tilt
ASIS in front of PS
Posterior Tilt
ASIS behind PS (tuck)
ASIS
Anterior superior iliac spine – hip bones
Pubic Symphysis (PS)
Disk of cartilage connects pubics of both sides together.
Muscles groups that act on the pelvic complex
Spinal flexors
Spinal extensors
Hip flexors
Hip adductors
Hip external rotators
Pelvic Floor
Spinal lateral flexors and rotators
Hip extensors
Hip abductors
Hip internal rotators
Lateral breathing
Definition: Directing the breath into the sides and back of the ribcage. Examples: Lateral breathing allows one to take a deep breath while the abdominal muscles stay contracted.
muscle focus
The muscle or group of muscles that is the primary focus of the exercise.
objective
Relates to the broader context of an exercise or an action
cues
Relates to the actual execution of an exercise
Stabilizers
Stabilize the movement
Contrology
What Joseph Pilates called his practice.
Smooth Muscles
contractions are involuntary, contraction of smooth muscle is slow prolonged and very resistant to fatigue
Cardiac Muscle
found in the heart, involuntary and striated
Striated Muscle (skeletal)
Composed of thread–like fibers displaying alternating dark and light bands. Two of its principles functions are body movement and the maintenance of posture.
Spinal Column
33 Bones
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused sacrum)
3-5 Coccyx (fused tailbone).
Slow Twitch – Tonic muscles
ST fibers are more efficient in maintaining isometric activity and sustained contractions. Stabilizers tend to be tonic muscles.
Fast Twitch – Phasic muscles
FT fibers can produce more force but fatigue more easily than ST. Movers tend to be phasic.
Agonist
principle muscle in the movement. responsible for the action.
Antagonist
opposite muscle in action to the agonist
Synergist
a muscle or muscles that act to neutralize an undesired action.
Stabilizer or Fixator
a muscle, which anchors or supports a bone or body part.
Co-contraction
contraction of the agonist and antagonist at the same time to produce a stable joint or balanced movement.
Motor unit
defined as a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. bundle of fibers, communication to the muscle
Isometric Contraction
contraction of a muscle in a static position. There is no change in the length of the muscle or the angle of the joint. This type of contraction is typically used by stabilizers
Isotonic Contraction
contraction of a muscle through the full range of motion (ROM) or part of the ROM against a resistance force (dynamic contraction).
Concentric contraction
positive movement or shortening contraction. The muscle shortens during the contraction and the angle of the joint will decrease.
Eccentric contraction
negative movement or lengthening contraction. The muscle lengthens during the contraction and the angle of the joint will increase. This is the type of contraction used by the movers in a movement.
Isokinetic Contraction
contraction of muscle through all or part of the ROM with an accomodating resistance through the range. The resistance automatically adjusts to the degree of force exerted against it. This demands specialized apparatus.
Aerobic
exercise with oxygen uptake. Oxygen uptake increases roughly linearly with an increase in workload. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 Max.) is defined as the highest oxygen uptake the individual can attain during physical work while breathing at sea level. This type of exercise emphasizes cardiovascular endurance and can be sustained for lengthy periods of time.
Steady State
the oxygen uptake corresponds to the demands of the tissues, which requires adaptation of cardiac output, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation.
Anaerobic
exercise without oxygen uptake. Energy from the break down of glycogen and glucose into pyruvic and lactic acid. (ex: weights and resistance)
Types of muscles
Smooth
Cardiac
Striated (skeletal)
Major Bones of Body
Skull
Scapula
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Os Coxae
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Abdominals
Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis
runs straight up and down in the central portion of the abdomen. Spinal flexion
External Oblique
Is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure. It also has limited actions in both flexion and rotation of the vertebral column.
Internal Oblique
Is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. The internal oblique performs two major functions. First, it acts as an antagonist (opponent) to the diaphragm, helping to reduce the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity during exhalation. Secondly, its contraction rotates and side-bends the trunk by pulling the rib cage and midline towards the hip and lower back, of the same side.
Transversus Abdominis (TA)
Is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body. Helps to compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability. This is explained further here. The transversus abdominis also helps pregnant women deliver their child.
Back Extensors
Erector Spinae (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Multifidus
Interspinales
Quadratus Lumborum (QL)
Erector Spinae (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
the most powerful of the spinal extensors, is made up of three columns: the spinalis (most medial), longissimus, and iliocostalis (most lateral).Major action: Extension and rotation (same). A bundle of muscles and tendons. It is paired and runs more or less vertically. It extends throughout the lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions, and lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral column.
Erector Spinae – Responsible for spinal extension
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
3 Main groups of the spinal extensors
Erector Spinae
Semispinalis
Deep posterior spinal group
Responsible for hip flexion
Illiopsoas and Rectus femoris
Multifidus
Deep in the spine, it spans three joint segments, and works to stabilize the joints at each segmental level. Vital for stabilization and rehabilitation of the spine. (Deep posterior spinal group)
Interspinales
Extends vertebral column; rotates vertebral column to opposite side. Are short muscular fasciculi, placed in pairs between the spinous processes of the contiguous vertebræ, one on either side of the interspinal ligament.
Quadratus Lumborum (QL)
attaches from the pelvis to the sides of the lumbar spine and the lowest rib. Spinal lateral flexion
Pelvic Diaphragm
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
Coccygeus
Inhalation
During the contraction of the diaphragm, the diaphragm lowers, enlarging the thoracic cavity. Results in the pressure inside the lungs being lower than the pressure outside-air is drawn into the lungs.
Exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes which causes a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and an increase of the pressure inside the lungs. To equalize the pressure to the outside-air is forced out of the lungs.
Movers
Muscles that produce the movement
Initiators
The initial cue or focus of the movement
Synergist
Are used to neutralize undesired actions and assist in maintaining the integrity of a movement.
Biceps Brachii
Upper arm muscle that causes elbow flexion.
Brachialis
Is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow.
Triceps brachii
on the back of the upper arm and is the most powerful elbow extensor
Deltoid
a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint. Responsible for Shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder horizontal ab/adduction.
Pectoralis Major
A thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest (anterior) of the body. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Underneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. Chest muscle that causes shoulder flexion, adduction and horizontal adduction.
Pectoralis Minor
A thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the pectoralis major. Assists in drawing down the scapula/shoulder depression.
Latissimus Dorsi
the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. Responsible for shoulder extension, shoulder adduction, and internal rotation.
Rhomboid
any of several muscles of the upper back that help move the shoulder blade. Responsible for scapular adduction,
scapular downward rotation, and scapular elevation.
Mid/lower Trapezius
Flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper back that are involved in moving the shoulders and arms. Responsible for scapular depression.
Serratus Anterior
A muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. Responsible for scapular upward rotation, scapular depression and scapular abduction (only muscles which does this).
Atlas
The 1st cervical vertebra
Two primary muscles responsible for scapular depression.
Lower trapezus and serratus anterior (lower fibers)
Trapezius
Responsible for scapular adduction and scapular upward rotation.
Lumbar Lordosis
Increase curve in lower back. Often with anterior pelvic tilt.
Tres Major
Responsible for shoulder extension, shoulder external rotation, shoulder horizontal aduction, and shoulder internal rotation
Rotator cuff muscles
SITS Muscles:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus muscle
One of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder.
Infraspinatus muscle
One of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the main function of the infraspinatus is to externally rotate the arm and stabilize the shoulder joint.
Subscapularis muscle
Rotates arm medially (internal rotation). Is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint.
Teres Minor
Muscle that adducts the arm and rotates it laterally. Is a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff.
Quadriceps (4 muscles)
A large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee.
Rectus Femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedias
Gluteus maximus (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
The largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. Major action: Hip extension, external rotation
Gluteus medius (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
One of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Major action: Hip abduction
Gluteus minimus (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
The smallest of the three gluteal muscles, is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius. Major action: Hip abduction
Hip adductors (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
Major action: Draw the leg toward the midline of the body. The adductor muscles of the hip is a group of muscles of the hip. The adductors all originate on the pubis and insert on the medial, posterior surface of the femur.
Muscles responsible for hip abduction (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Muscles responsible for hip adduction (muscle that act on the pelvic complex)
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Tibialis anterior muscle
Shin muscle that causes dorsiflexion – bringing toes towards the shin
Peroneals
located on the lateral leg and running behind the lateral mallelus, they function to help prevent inversion
Psoas
either of two muscles of the abdomen and pelvis that flex the trunk and rotate the thigh. Is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the thoracic region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas.
Semimembranosus muscle
flexes and rotates leg medially and extends thigh. Is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles.
Semitendinosus
Lateral portion of the hamstring. Is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings.
Biceps femoris
part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally. Is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group.
Hamstrings
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris
Deep External Rotators of Hip
Muscle group is made of 6 muscles.
Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
Obturator Externus (under quadratus femoris)
Quadratus femoris
Sartorius muscle
a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor. It is the longest muscle in the human body.
Tensor Fascia Latae
muscle located slightly more toward the outside of the thigh, its actions are hip flexion, hip abduction, and hip internal rotation.
Piriformis
Hip external rotator – part of the deep external rotators of hip
Tibialis Posterior
the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg.
Gastrocnemius
Double-bellied – Calf muscle. Responsible for ankle-foot plantar flexion
Plantaris
…
Muscles responsible for hip flexion
Illiopsoas (psoas, iliacus)
Rectus femoris
iliacus
a flat, triangular muscle which is part of the iliopsoas
Iliopsoas
a powerful muscle that is primarily known for hip flexion. Its attachments onto the spine serve a roll in maintaining the desired normal curvature of the lumbar spine and assist with lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.The term Iliopsoas refers to the combination of three muscles:
psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus
Inversion
lifting the inside portion of the foot upward
Eversion
Lifting the outside portion of the foot outward
Retraction (scapular)
Bringing shoulder blades together toward spine (also=adduction)
Protraction (scapular)
Bringing shoulder blades forward and away from spine (also=abduction)
Lateral
Further from the median plane/toward side
Superior/Cranial
Above/towards head
Inferior/Caudal
Below/towards feet
Proximal
Closer to root of limb or median plane
Distal
Further from root of limb or median plane
Supine
Lying on back
Prone
Lying on front
Elevation (scapular)
Lifting shoulder blades up toward ears
Depression (scapular)
lowering shoulder blade toward waist
Acromioclavicular (AC Joint)
Is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle.
Sternoclavicular Joint
Is a synovial saddle joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The sternoclavicular joint allows movement of the clavicle, predominantly in the anteroposterior & vertical planes, although some rotation also occurs.
Glenohumeral joint
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction rotation (ball and socket). Is the shoulder joint, it is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone).
Scapulocoracoid
Is the unit of the pectoral girdle that contains the coracoid and scapula. The coracoid itself is a beak-shaped bone that is commonly found in most vertebrates with a few exceptions. The scapula is commonly known as the shoulder blade.
Sacroiliac joint
The sacroiliac joint or SI joint is the joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, which are joined together by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side. The joint is a strong, weightbearing synovial joint with irregular elevations and depressions that produce interlocking of the two bones. The human body has two sacroiliac joints, a left and a right joint, that often match each other but are highly variable from person to person.
PSIS
Posterior superior iliac spine
PS
Pubic symphysis – The pubis forms the lower and front portion of each hip bone. The pubis of each hip bone join at the front to form the pubis symphysis.
Hip Joint
the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
Knee Joint
hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella
Malleolus
the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. Bottom edge of the fibula.
Subtalar joint
joint of the foot.
Metatarsophalangeal joint
the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes.
Pubococcygeus muscle
muscle or PC muscle is a hammock-like muscle, found in both sexes, that stretches from the pubic bone to the coccyx (tail bone) forming the floor of the pelvic cavity and supporting the pelvic organs. It is part of the levator ani group of muscles.
Iliococcygeus
part of the levator ani group of muscles, provide support and are part of the pelvic floor muscles
Coccygeus
muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), located posterior to levator ani. In combination with the levator ani, it forms the pelvic diaphragm.
Scalenes
lateral head flexion and 1st/2nd rib elevation. Are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior. They are innervated by the spinal nerves C4-C8. The action of the anterior and middle scalene muscles is to elevate the first rib and rotate the neck to the same side;[2] the action of the posterior scalene is to elevate the second rib and tilt the neck to the opposite side
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. head flexion.
Upper Trapezius
Is a large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm.
Levator Scapulae
muscle situated at the back and side of the neck. As the name suggests, its main function is to lift the scapula. originates on first 4 cervial vertebrae, elevates scapula. Is situated at the back and side of the neck.
Ishial Tuberosity
Sits Bones – a very strong bone in the lower and back portion of each hip bone.
Examples of Hinge Joints
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Types of Muscle Contraction
Static and Dynamic
Static Contraction
Isometric Contraction
No visible change in muscle length or joint movement. Effect is to counterbalance.
Dynamic Contraction
Isotonic Contraction
Muscle length changes and joint movement is visible. Can be concentric or eccentric.
Scapula
or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.
Clavicle
or collar bone is classified as a long bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle).
Humerus
bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow
Ulna
the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm
Radius
the outer and slightly shorter of the two bones of the human forearm
Carpals
bones of the wrist
metacarpals
hand bones
Phalanges
Fingers and Toes
Pelvis
the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates
Femur
the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton, the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton
Patella
a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint
Tarsals
Ankle Bones
Metatarsals
Foot Bones
Tibia
shinbone – is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg
fibula
a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones
Lumbar Hyperdordosis
Increased lumbar curve of the spine – commonly accompanied by and anterior tilt of the pelvis. Frequently associated w/ weak abdominals, tight hip flexors and tight back extensors. Correction focuses on strengthening the abs, as well as stretching the hip flexors and lower back extensors
Kyphosis
Increased thoracic curve of the spine. Correction focuses on strengthening the thoracic extensors and stretching the anterior shoulder muscles.
Flat Back
Involves a decrease in the normal degree of curvature in the lumbar spine. Strengthen TA, Stretch hamstrings & stretch and strengthen hip flexors
Fatigue (sway back)
Characterized by pushing the pelvis forward relative to the plumb line and the thoracic spine. Correction involves strengthening the upper back extensors, and in some cases the iliopsoas.
Handedness
Asymmetrical development of muscles
Scoliosis
involves one or more lateral curvatures of the spine primarily in the coronal plane.
Hip Flexors
psoas
iliacus
rectus femoris
sartorius
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gracilis
Hip Extensors
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
adductor magnus
Hip Abductors
Gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
sartorius
Hip Adductors
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
pectinaus
Hip Internal rotators
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
Hip external rotators
gluteus maximus
sartorius
obturator internus
obturator externus
quadratus femoris
piriformis
gemellus superior
gemellus inferior
muscle strains
defined as damage of the muscle caused by either overuse (chronic strain) or overstress (acute strain).
tendonitis
term used for inflammatory tendon changes that are secondary to overuse
Piriformis syndrome
a common condition caused by a contracture or hypertrophy of the piriformis muscle
Knee
largest joint in the body
medial collateral & collateral ligaments
prevent the knee from moving too far from side to side
anterior cruciate & posterior cruciate ligaments
help control rotation and the front to back motion of the knee
menisci
help deepen the articulation, aiding with stability and providing important shock absorbency
muscles of scapula stabilization
trapezius
rhomboids
levator scapulae
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior muscles
muscles of the rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
large shoulder muscles
pectoralis major
deltoids
latissimus dorsi
teres major