Exam 2: BIOS 252 / BIOS252 (2024/ 2025 Update) Anatomy and Physiology II Exam Review| Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Rated A – Chamberlain
Exam 2: BIOS 252 / BIOS252 (2024/ 2025
Update) Anatomy and Physiology II Exam
Review| Guide with Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| Rated A –
Chamberlain
Q: What are the 12 cranial nerves? OOOTTAFAVGVAH
Answer:
I – (Olfactory) 1
II – (Optic) 2
III – (Oculomotor) 3
IV – (Trochlear) 4
V – (Trigeminal) 5
VI – (Abducans) 6
VII – (Facial) 7
VIII – (Auditory or Vestibulocochlear) 8
IX – (Glossopharengeal) 9
X – (Vagus) 10
XI – (Spinal Accessory) 11
XII – ( Hypoglossal) 12
Q: Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
Answer:
sensory, smell
Q: Cranial Nerve 2: Optic
Answer:
vision
Q: Cranial Nerve 3: Oculomotor
Answer:
moves eye balls in upper eyelid
-adjust lens for near vision accommodation and constricts pupil
Q: Cranial Nerve 4: Trochlear
Answer:
eye movement
Q: Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal
Answer:
touch pain and thermal sensation
-including teeth and interior two thirds of the Tongue
-chewing and controls middle ear muscle
Q: Cranial Nerve 6: Abducens
Answer:
movement of the eyeball
Q: Cranial Nerve 7: Facial
Answer:
taste on the anterior two thirds of the tongue.
-touch pain and thermal sensations from skin in the external ear canal
-controls muscles of facial expressions , secretes tears and saliva
Q: Cranial Nerve 8: Vestibulocochlear
Answer:
hearing and balance
Q: Cranial Nerve 9: Glossopharyngeal
Answer:
taste on posterior 1/3 of the tongue
-helps swallow
-monitors bp and o2
-assist in swelling and secretions of saliva
Q: Cranial Nerve 10: Vagus
Answer:
taste from epiglottis
-voice and voice box muscles
-maintains bp, o2, and co2 in the blood
-swallowing, vocalization. coughing, secretion of gastrointestinal organs, decreases hr,
constriction of respiratory pathways
Q: cranial nerve 11: accessory
Answer:
shrug shoulders
movement of head and pectoral griddle
Q: cranial nerve 12: hypoglossal
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Somatic sensory fibers convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS (not organs)
Tracts Bundles of neuron processes in CNS
Nerves Bundles of neuron processes in PNS
Astrocytes control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow (The more active the brain, the more astrocytes are produced, i.e., Einstein’s brain)
Microglial cells phagocytize
Ependymal cells cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain
Oligodendrocytes myelin sheaths
The gray matter of the brain and spinal cord consists of this; provides energy to drive activities. Cell body (soma)
Spinal cord white on outside, gray on inside
Brain white on inside, gray on outside
affront/sensory type of cell Almost all are unipolar
efferent type of cell multipolar
Bipolar retina and olfactory mucosa
Presynaptic neuron a neuron that fires the neurotransmitter as a result of an action potential entering its axon terminal; delivers signal across synapse
Postsynaptic potential a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons; postsynaptic cell will receive a signal once it crosses the synapse
(Postsynaptic Potentials) Neurotransmitter receptors cause graded potentials that vary in strength based on Amount of neurotransmitter released and Time neurotransmitter stays in cleft
EPSP/Excitatory postsynaptic potentials polarity A depolarizing postsynaptic potential
IPSP/Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential
EPSP regulator glutamate
IPSP GABA and glycine
Dorsal horns interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input.
Ventral horns some interneurons, some visceral sensory (where axons are found).
Lateral horns sympathetic
Medulla controls HR, RR, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, hiccupping.
Pons voluntary skeletal muscle and respiration.
Midbrain auditory and visual reflexes.
Thalamus switchboard for sensory data.
Hypothalamus homeostasis.
Limbic system emotions (amygdala: danger. Hippocampus: memories). RAS: consciousness
What makes CSF? The choroid plexuses
- Oculomotor movement of eyes and eyelids
- Trochlear movement of eyeballs
- Trigeminal touch, pain and thermal sensations (scalp, face, and oral); chewing
- Abducens movement of eyeballs
- Facial taste, touch, pain, secretion of tears and saliva
- Vestibulocochlear hearing and equilibrium
- Glossopharyngeal taste (posterior), swallowing, BP/oxygen and CO2 levels in blood, skin on external of ear, secretion of saliva
- Vagus taste from epiglottis, voice box muscles, BP/O2/CO2, skin of external ear, thoracic and abdominal organs, swallowing/vocalization/coughing, secretion of gastrointestinal organs, constriction of respiratory passageways, decreases heart rate
- Accessory movement of head and pectoral girdle
- Hypoglossal speech, manipulation of food, and swallowing
Order of nerves “””On occasion, our trusty truck acts funny—very good vehicle any how”””
Intersegmental flexor/withdrawal and crossed-extensor
autonomic nervous system receives input from sensory receptors
A preganglionic neuron has its cell body in the central nervous system and the axon extends to an autonomic ganglion; shorter
A postganglionic neuron has its unmyelinated axon extending from the ganglion (which is a structure that contains cell bodies and belongs to peripheral nervous system) to the effector; longer
Sympathetic division is also called thoracolumbar division
The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the fight-or-flight division
There are 2 major types of sympathetic ganglia sympathetic and prevertebral
Sympathetic trunk ganglia Lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column
Prevertebral ganglia Lie anterior to the vertebral column and close to the large abdominal arteries (closer to organs (long fibers))
The parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as the rest-and-digest division
parasympathetic division is also called craniosacral division
parasympathetic division cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in the nuclei of four cranial nerves (III, VII, IX and X)
Neurotransmitter from sympathetic is norepinephrine (excitatory)
Neurotransmitter from parasympathetic is acetylcholine (inhibitory)
2 types of autonomic neurotransmitters cholinergic or adrenergic
Cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (as well as preganglionic fibers)
Cholinergic receptors include nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors
Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
Nicotinic receptors releases epinephrine straight into the blood
Effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory; Opens ion channels, depolarizing postsynaptic cell
Effect of ACh at muscarinic receptors Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
(Adrenergic Receptors) Two major classes that respond to NE or epinephrine Alpha (α) receptors and Beta (β) receptors
The conjunctiva lines the eyelids and covers the sclera (inner lining of eyelid)
The tarsal plate gives shape to eyelid
Describe the structure (all layers) of the nervous tissue of the retina Photoreceptor layer → outer synaptic layer → bipolar cell layer → inner synaptic layer → ganglion cell layer
Far objects lens flattens
Close objects round shaped
Myopia nearsightedness; the eyeball is longer than it should be and the image
hyperopia shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina
Astigmatism either the cornea or the lens (or both) has an irregular curve
Water-soluble hormones circulate freely in the plasma; amino acid/protein base
Lipid-soluble hormones circulate bound to transport proteins; mostly steroid
The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
Hypersecretion of GH is usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor
Only a few hormones operate via positive feedback, one is oxytocin
Follicular cells produce thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) known as thyroid hormones contain iodide ions (I-)*
Parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin to help regulate calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid glands contain 2 types of cells chief cells and oxyphil
Chief cells (principal cells) produce parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone)
Oxyphil cells secrete excess PTH in cases of parathyroid cancer
the zone of glomerulosa mineralocorticoids; used to regulate mineral homeostasis
Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium homeostasis
The zone of fasciculata glucocorticoid; affect glucose homeostasis
The zone of reticularis androgens (hormones with masculinizing effects)
The zone of medulla Secretes epinephrine and NE
Hypersecretion of adrenal medulla Cushing’s Syndrome/disease- Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function- Causes: tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex; overuse of corticosteroids/glucocorticoids
Hyposecretion of adrenal medulla Addison’s disease- Adrenal glands produce too little cortisol
Pancreas exocrine function Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion
Almost all of the exocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini
Acini produce digestive enzymes
Scattered among the acini are clusters of endocrine tissue called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), which contain secreting cells. The islets include 4 types of cells that secrete different hormones: GISPP
Alpha (A) cells glucagon
Beta (B) cells insulin
Delta (D) cells somatostatin
F cells pancreatic polypeptide
Type 1 (not enough insulin; treated with insulin injections)
Type 2 (insulin doesn’t work right)
Thymus maturation of the immune system’s T cell