NUFT 204 BUNDLE | Cardiac, Cardiovascular, Health and Respiratory Assessment | Medical Terminology, NUFT 204 Oxygenation (CH41) | (Latest ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
NUFT 204 Oxygenation (CH41)
(Latest 2023 – 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
- Three steps in the process of oxygenation
Answer: ventilation, perfusion, diffusion - Ventilation
Answer: movement of air in and out of the lungs
The flow of air inside or outside of the alveoli. - Perfusion
Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells andtissues of the body
as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
The flow of blood by the cardiopulmonary system into the alveolar capillaries, where
deoxygenated blood is exchanged for oxygenated blood in the heart and deliveredto the rest of
the body. - Diffusion
Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to anarea of lower
concentration. - tidal volume
Answer: Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normalbreath - residual volume
Answer: Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation - work of breathing
Answer: the effort to expand and contract the lungs - the respiratory muscles —-, —–, and —– are essential for —–,
,and
Answer: pleural space, lungs, and alveoli are essential for ventilation, perfusion, andexchange
of respiratory gases. - lung volumes are determined by
Answer: age, gender, height - pulmonary circulation
Answer: the primary function of pulmonary circulation isto moveblood to and from the
alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange. Pulmonary circulation begins at the pulmonary
artery, which receives poorly oxygenated mixedvenous blood from the right ventricle.
- respiratory gas exchange
Answer: Diffusion is the process for the exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli of the
lungs and the capillaries of the body tissues - oxygen transport
Answer: consist of the lungs and cardiovascular system. delivery depends on amount of
oxygen entering the lungs, blood flow to lungs and tissues,rate of diffusion, and oxygen
carrying capacity - carbon dioxide transport
Answer: a product of cellular metabolism, diffuses into redblood cells and is rapidly hydrated
into carbonic acid - regulation of ventilation
Answer: necessary to ensure sufficient oxygen intake andcarbon dioxide, elimination to meet
the demands of the body - structure and function of cardiovascular
Answer: right ventricle pumps deoxygenatedblood through the pulmonary circulation. the left
ventricle pumps oxygenated bloodthrough the systemic circulation - myocardial pump
Answer: pumping action of the heart is essential to oxygen delivery. - stroke volume
Answer: The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction. - myocardial blood flow
Answer: To maintain adequate blood flow to the pulmonary and systemic circulation,
myocardial blood flow must supply sufficient oxygen andnutrients to the myocardium itself. - coronary artery circulation
Answer: branch of the systemic circulation thatsuppliesthemyocardium with oxygen and
nutrients and removes waste. - systemic circulation
Answer: arteries of the systemic circulation deliver nutrients andoxygen to tissues, and the
veinsremove waste from tissues.oxygenated blood flowsfrom left ventricle through aorta and
into large systemic arteries. - blood flow regulation
Answer: blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute. alsoknow an cardiac output - preload
Answer: The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood buildsup. - Afterload
Answer: The force or resistance against which the heart pumps. - conduction system
Answer: generates the impulses needed to initiate the electrical chain of events for a normal
heartbeat. the conduction system originates from theSA node - factors affecting oxygenation
Answer: physiological, developmental, lifestyle, environ-mental
nutrition hydration exercise smoking substance abusestress - physiological factors
Answer:
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
Hypovolemia
Decreased inspired oxygen concentration
Increased metabolic rate - decreased oxygen carrying capacity
Answer: Hemoglobin carriesthe majority of oxy-gen to tissues. Anemia is a result of
decreased hemoglobin production, increased red blood cell destruction, and/or blood loss - hypovolemia
Answer: severe dehydration cause extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood
volume. decreased circulating blood volume results in hypoxia tobody tissues - decreased inspired oxygen concentration
Answer: caused by upper or lower airwayobstruction, limits delivery of inspired oxygen to
alveoli; decreased environmental oxygen, or hypoventilation - increased metabolic rate
Answer: Increased metabolic activity increases oxygen demand. An increased metabolic rate
is normal in pregnancy, wound healing, and exercise because the body is using energy or
building tissue - conditions affective chest wall movement
Answer: pregnancy, obesity, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, neuromuscular disease,
and central nervous alterations - trauma and chest wall movement
Answer: flail chest a condition in which multiple ribfractures cause chest wall instability.
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NUFT 204 – Cardiac Assessment
(Latest 2023 – 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
- Anatomy of the Heart
Answer: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle - Cardiac Cycle
Answer: A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation ofboth atria and both
ventricles - auto-regulatory mechanisms of the heart
Answer:
The heart is supplied by the twobranches of the autonomic nervous system.
The sympathetic (adrenergic)
The parasympathetic or (cholinergic) - Characteristics of Heart Sounds
Answer: Pitch:
- High pitched: better heard with the diaphragm
- Low pitched: better heard with the bell
Intensity: loud or soft
Duration:short sounds, silent periods
Timing: systole or diastole
- first heartsound (LUB)
Answer:
- Occurs with closure of the two atrio-ventricular valves,when the ventricles start to contract.
This is called systole - S1: Closure of AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves: M before T)
- Correlates with the carotid pulse
- second heart sound (DUB)
Answer: The second heart sound is produced by closure ofthe aortic and pulmonary valves
- Occurs with diastole – the filling phase, relaxation of ventricles
- S2: Closure of Semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonic)
- Heard best over the aortic and pulmonic area
- Erb’s Point
Answer: May hear more than one murmur, as murmurs may overlap due toproximity of valves - Extra heart sounds
Answer:
S3 and S4S3- ventricular gallop
Caused by premature rush of blood into ventricle that is stiff or dilated from heartfailure and
HTN.
S4- atrial gallop
•Caused by an atrial contraction pushing blood against a ventricle not acceptingblood because
of heart failure or other alterations.
Extra heard sounds are best heard at the apex of the heart (the lower pointed endof the heart)
with the patient lying on the left side.
- Murmur
Answer: Gentle, blowing, swooshing sound. Listen for murmurs in the same
Auscultatory sites APETM
Heard on chest wall due to turbulence
Velocity of blood increases
Exercise, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy
Viscosity of blood decreases
Anemia
Structural defects in valves or chambers
Narrow valves, incompetent valves, wall defects, dilated chambers - Stenosis
Answer:
A valve that does not close efficiently, results in the backflow of blood(i.e., insufficiency or
regurgitation).
A valve that does not open wide enough may cause turbulent backflow secondaryto
obstruction or narrowing (i.e., stenosis). - Cardiac Asessment
Answer:
Inspection: Position client supine
Then head elevated at 45 degrees
Patient must be relaxed and comfortable
INSPECTION:
Visible pulsations, Lifts, heaves
PMI (assess location)
Inspect and palpate simultaneously. - Cardiac Assessment
Answer:
Palpation: assessing the arterial pulse, measuringblood pressure, palpating any thrills on the
chest, and palpating for the point ofmaximal impulse.
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NUFT 204 – Cardiovascular Assessment
(Latest 2023 – 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
- What structures take blood away from the heart to the body?
Answer: Arteries - What structures take blood back to the heart from the body?
Answer: Veins - What type of system are arteries and veins part of?
Answer: Closed system - What makes valves open and close?
Answer: Pressure - Describe the blood flow through the heart.
Answer: SVC/IVC —> RA —> RV —->lungs —> LA —-> LV —> body - What valve allows blood to enter the RV from the RA?
Answer: Tricuspid valve - What valve allows blood to enter the lungs via the pulmonary artery fromthe RV?
Answer: Pulmonary valve - What valve allows blood to enter the LV from the LA?
Answer: Mitral valve - What structure brings blood to the LA from the lungs?
Answer: Pulmonary vein - What valve allows blood to go to the body via the aorta from the LV?
Answer: Aorticvalve - What isthe role ofthe SVCand IVC?
Answer: Bring deoxygenated blood from the bodyto the heart to get oxygenated by the lungs - What occurs during systole?
Answer: - Atria are filling
- Ventricles are contracting (considered pumping phase)
- Tricuspid and mitral valves close (S1 – lub sound)
- Blood is going to the lungs and body from the ventricles
- Occurs slightly later in R side (only like a millisecond)
- Pressure in R side is lower
- Why is pressure always more on L side than R side?
Answer: Because L side needsto pump blood to the body - What occurs during diastole?
Answer:
1.Ventricles are relaxed due to filling (aka fillingphase) - Pulmonic and aortic valves close (S2 – Dub sound)
- Which valves of the heart are considered atrioventricular valves?
Answer: Tricuspidand mitral valves - Which valves of the heart are considered semilunar valves?
Answer: Pulmonic andaortic valves - The heart is supplied by which 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system? Which
branch decreases rate and which increases rate?
Answer: - Sympathetic(aka adrenergic)
-increases heart rate - Parasympathetic (aka cholinergic)
-decreases heart rate - What determines the rate and strength of one’s pulse?
Answer: Electrical impulsessent to the heart by the brain - What are the 6 anatomical landmarks for a cardiac assessment?
Answer:
Aortic (R2nd ICS)
Pulmonic (L 2nd ICS) Erb’s Point (L 3rd ICS)Tricuspid (L 4th ICS)
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NUFT 204 – Health Assessment and Physical Examination (CH30)
(Latest 2023 – 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
- adventitious sounds
Answer: extra breath sounds that are not normally heard, such ascrackles, rhonchi, wheezes,
and pleural friction rubs. - Alopecia
Answer: hair loss - Aphasia
Answer: impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s
area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing under-standing). - Apical Impulse (PMI)
Answer: pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against thechest wall during systole - arcussenilis
Answer: gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iristhat is commonwith aging - atrophied
Answer: (of an organ or body part) diminished in size or strength as a result ofdisease or injury
or lack of use - Auscultation
Answer: listening to sounds within the body - Borborygmus
Answer: the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gasin the intestine - Bruit
Answer: blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery ispartially
occluded - Cerumen
Answer: ear wax - Clubbing
Answer: bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes thatoccurs with chronic
cyanotic heart and lung conditions - Conjunctivitis
Answer: inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye) - Distention
Answer: a condition of being stretched, inflated, or larger than normal - Dysrhythmia
Answer: Abnormal heart rhythm - Ectropion
Answer: outward turning of the rim of the eyelid - Edema
Answer: puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid - Entropion
Answer: inward turning of the rim of the eyelid - Erythema
Answer: redness of the skin - Excoriation
Answer: Skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping - Goniometer
Answer: An instrument for measuring angles (as of a joint or the skull) - Hypertonicity
Answer: abnormally increased background activity of a muscle resultingfrom nervous system
damage - Hypotonicity
Answer: Reduced tension of the arterial walls or muscles. - Indurated
Answer: hardened - Inspection
Answer: general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas - Jaundice
Answer: yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile
pigment (bilirubin) in the blood - Kyphosis
Answer: excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of theback. - Lordosis
Answer: abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbarspine (sway-back condition) - Malignancy
Answer: a dangerous cancerous growth that sheds cells into body fluidsand spreads to new
locations to start new cancer colonies - Murmurs
Answer:sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart - Nystagmus
Answer: Involuntary rapid eye movements - Olfaction
Answer: sense of smell - Orthopnea
Answer: ability to breathe only in an upright position - Osteoporosis
Answer: A condition in which the body’s bones become weak and breakeasily. - Ototoxicity
Answer: Toxicity to the ears, often drug induced and manifesting as varyingdegrees of hearing
loss that is likely to be permanent. - Palpation
Answer: an examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used tofeel the texture,
size, consistency, and location of certain body parts - Percussion
Answer: tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density ofthe underlying
structure - Peristalsis
Answer: Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food movingalong in one
direction through the digestive system. - PERRLA
Answer: pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
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NUFT 204 – Medical Terminology
(Latest 2023 – 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
- -ache
Answer: pain;
example: headache, backache, earache, toothache - aden(o)
Answer: gland, glandular tissue example: adenitis, adenotomy, adenoids, - aer(o)
Answer: air, with air, with oxygen, in gas example: aerobic, aerate, aerosol, aerocele - -algia
Answer: pain
example: gastralgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, fibromyalgia - angi(o)
Answer: blood vessel
example: angioplasty, angioma, angiogenesis - anteAnswer: before, forward, in front of
example: antepartum, anteflexion, anteversion - antiAnswer: against
example: antihistamine, antiinflammatory, antipyretic - arteri(o)
Answer: artery
example: arteriopathy, arteriosclerosis, arterial - arthr(o)
Answer: joint
example: arthritis, arthrotomy, arthralgia - -ase
Answer: enzyme
example: protease, urease, amylase, lactase - audi(o)
Answer: hearing
example: audiogram, auditory, audiology - bradyAnswer:slow
example: bradycardia, bradypnea, bradyphasia - bronch(o)
Answer: bronchial tube, bronchus
example: bronchoscope, bronchospasm, bronchitis - carcin(o)
Answer: cancer
example: carcinogen, carcinoma, carcinogenic - cardi, cardia, cardio
Answer: heart
example: cardiac, cardiotonic, cardiovascular, cardiopathy - -cele
Answer: hernia, protrusion, tumor
example: cystocele, meningocele, encephalocele - -centesis
Answer: surgical puncture (aspiration of fluid) example: amniocentesis, arthrocentesis,
paracentesis - cephal(o)
Answer: head
example: cephalogram, cephalalgia, cephalic - cerebr(o)
Answer: cerebrum, brain
example: cerebrospinal, cerebral, cerebrovascular - cervic(o)
Answer: neck, cervix
example: cervical, cervicectomy, cervicitis
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NUFT 204 – Respiratory Assessment
(Latest 2023 – 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
- What body systems work together to supply oxygen to the body?
Answer: Cardio-vascular and respiratory - What is the major function of the lungs?
Answer: Continuous gas exchange betweeninspired air and blood in the pulmonary
circulation - What are the 3 steps of respiration?
Answer:
1.Ventilation - Perfusion
- Diffusion
- What is ventilation?
Answer: When oxygen comes into the lungs - What is perfusion?
Answer: The blood flow that goes to the lungs and the tissues - What is diffusion?
Answer: The exchange of gases that occurs in the alveoli - Where doesthe respiratory tract begin and end?
Answer:
1.Begins at the mouth/nose - Ends at the alveoli of the lungs
- What is the function of the upper airway?
Answer: . - Filters airborne particles
- Humidifies and warms inspired gases
- What isthe function of the lower airway?
Answer: Serves aslocation for gas exchange - Which respiratory structures are part of the upper airway?
Answer: - nose/nasalpassages
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Which respiratory structures are part of the lower airway?
Answer:
1.Trachea - Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Where is respiration controlled?
Answer: In the brainstem - How many lobes does the right lung have? How many does the left lunghave?
Answer: - Right has 3
- Left has 2
- What type of process is expiration?
Answer: Passive - What muscles mediate respiration?
Answer: - Diaphragm
- SCM
- Scalenes
- Intercostal
- Obliques
- What is the primary muscle of inspiration?
Answer: diaphragm - What occursto the diaphragm and thorax during inspiration?
Answer:
1.Diaphragmcontracts
2.Thorax expands (increases in size) - What occursto the diaphragm and thorax during expiration?
Answer:
1.Diaphragmrelaxes
2.Thorax deflates (decreases in size)
note: decreased size in thorax space assists with pushing air out - Describe the technique for doing a respiratory exam.
Answer: - Ensure a quietenvironment
- Properly position patient
-when listening posteriorly should be seated
-when listening anteriorly can be supine or seated - Ensure patient comfort
-make sure hands and stethoscope are warm
-use drape sheet to cover women’s chest - Inspect then palpate then percuss then auscultate lungs
-auscultation should be done on bare skin
-palpation and percussion aren’t done often by nurses
-for auscultation should start posteriorly then laterally then anteriorly
-for auscultation should compare B/L (i.e. use ladder pattern) - What is the normal adult respiration rate?
Answer: 12 to 20 - What should be assessed during initial respiratory survey?
Answer: - Observepatient’s breathing pattern (includes RATE, DEPTH, and EFFORT)
- Assess A-P diameter
- Assess patient’s color
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