(Select all that apply): A nurse is assessing a child with Down syndrome and their parents.
Which physical characteristics are commonly associated with Down syndrome?
A.
Almond-shaped eyes.
B.
Low muscle tone.
C.
Extra copy of chromosome 21.
D.
Prominent nasal bridge.
E.
High muscle tone.
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
The correct answers are:
- A. Almond-shaped eyes.
- B. Low muscle tone.
- C. Extra copy of chromosome 21.
Explanation:
Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material affects the development of the body and brain, leading to distinctive physical characteristics and developmental challenges. Understanding these traits helps healthcare professionals assess and manage care for individuals with Down syndrome.
A. Almond-shaped eyes: One of the most recognizable features of Down syndrome is the presence of almond-shaped eyes, often with upward slanting palpebral fissures. The eyes may also have small white spots on the iris, called Brushfield spots, which are unique to individuals with Down syndrome. This characteristic is helpful in clinical identification.
B. Low muscle tone: Children with Down syndrome commonly exhibit hypotonia, or low muscle tone. Hypotonia can make it difficult for them to control body movements, and it contributes to delayed milestones such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Early physical therapy is essential to help improve muscle tone and coordination.
C. Extra copy of chromosome 21: Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). This genetic abnormality leads to developmental delays and physical features associated with the condition. Genetic testing can confirm the presence of an extra chromosome, which is key to diagnosing Down syndrome.
D. Prominent nasal bridge: A prominent nasal bridge is not typically associated with Down syndrome. Instead, children with Down syndrome often have a flat nasal bridge, which is part of the characteristic facial appearance.
E. High muscle tone: High muscle tone, or hypertonia, is not characteristic of Down syndrome. In fact, children with Down syndrome are more likely to have low muscle tone (hypotonia), making it difficult for them to develop muscle strength early in life.
In summary, almond-shaped eyes, low muscle tone, and an extra copy of chromosome 21 are key physical characteristics associated with Down syndrome, aiding in its diagnosis and care planning.