Exhibits
Review History and Physical, and laboratory results. Based on the finding, indicate whether the finding represents a modifiable risk factor, a non modifiable risk factor, or is unrelated to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A.
Body mass index (BMI) 28 kg/m2
B.
Sister with type 2 diabetes mellitus
C.
Cannabis use
D.
High density lipoprotein 43 mg/dL
The correct answer and Explanation is :
Here’s an analysis of each finding in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus, indicating whether it is a modifiable risk factor, a non-modifiable risk factor, or unrelated to the condition.
A. Body mass index (BMI) 28 kg/m²
Modifiable risk factor
A BMI of 28 kg/m² classifies the individual as overweight (BMI 25-29.9). Being overweight or obese is one of the most well-established modifiable risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Excess adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat, contributes to insulin resistance, which is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. By losing weight through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Studies show that a weight loss of 5-10% of body weight can improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
B. Sister with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Non-modifiable risk factor
Having a first-degree relative, such as a sibling, with type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-modifiable risk factor. This indicates a genetic predisposition to the disease. While genetics alone do not determine whether someone will develop diabetes, they significantly increase the likelihood when combined with environmental and lifestyle factors. Those with a family history should be more vigilant in managing modifiable risk factors such as diet, physical activity, and body weight.
C. Cannabis use
Unrelated to type 2 diabetes mellitus (controversial)
Cannabis use has an unclear and complex relationship with type 2 diabetes. Some studies suggest that cannabinoids may affect metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but the evidence is inconsistent, and cannabis use is not widely recognized as a direct risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Its effects on weight, appetite, and energy balance might indirectly influence diabetes risk, but more research is needed to establish any definitive link.
D. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 43 mg/dL
Modifiable risk factor
An HDL level of 43 mg/dL is slightly below the recommended level (≥50 mg/dL for women, ≥40 mg/dL for men). Low HDL is considered a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, as higher HDL levels are associated with better insulin sensitivity and lower cardiovascular risk. HDL levels can be improved through lifestyle changes such as regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and a healthy diet.
In summary, BMI and HDL levels are modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes, family history is a non-modifiable risk factor, and cannabis use remains unrelated or controversial in the context of type 2 diabetes.