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The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
Meiosis is a fundamental process in sexual reproduction that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse haploid gametes. This reduction is achieved through two sequential divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II, each comprising distinct phases.
Meiosis I:
- Prophase I: Chromosomes condense and become visible. Homologous chromosomes pair up through synapsis, forming tetrads. During this phase, crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.
- Metaphase I: Tetrads align along the metaphase plate. The orientation of each pair is random, contributing to genetic variation through independent assortment.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. Unlike mitosis, sister chromatids remain attached at this stage.
- Telophase I: The cell divides into two haploid cells, each containing half the original chromosome number.
Meiosis II:
Meiosis II resembles a mitotic division but involves haploid cells.
- Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, and a new spindle apparatus forms in each haploid cell.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in each haploid cell.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are finally separated and move toward opposite poles.
- Telophase II: The cells divide, resulting in four genetically unique haploid gametes.
This intricate process ensures genetic diversity and the maintenance of species-specific chromosome numbers across generations.
For a visual explanation of the phases of meiosis, you might find the following video helpful: