Improperly vented indoor cooking stoves can:
Impair the health of the elderly
Expose women to high pollution levels
Cause indoor air pollution in developing countries
Expose infants to indoor air pollution
All of the above
One of the human health effects of sulfur dioxide is:
Bronchoconstriction
Brain/CNS damage
Lung cancer
Carboxyhemoglobin formation
None of the above
Which of the following is an example of a suspected carcinogen found in urban air?
Lead
VOCs
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
None of the above
Finished water is defined as:
The natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies
An annual supply of renewable freshwater less than 1,000 cubic meters per person
An annual supply of renewable freshwater between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person
A layer or section of earth that contains freshwater
The water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment
Very small particles can be removed from drinking water by:
Boiling
Sand filtering
Use of activated charcoal
All of the above
B and C
The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
Here are the correct answers to your questions:
- Improperly vented indoor cooking stoves can:
- Answer: All of the above
Explanation: Improperly vented indoor cooking stoves are a major source of indoor air pollution, particularly in developing countries. They release harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These pollutants can impair the health of the elderly, expose women and infants to high pollution levels, and contribute to a global burden of respiratory diseases.
- One of the human health effects of sulfur dioxide is:
- Answer: Bronchoconstriction
Explanation: Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is an air pollutant that can irritate the respiratory system, leading to bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways). This can worsen conditions such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. Other effects include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
- Which of the following is an example of a suspected carcinogen found in urban air?
- Answer: VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
Explanation: VOCs, such as benzene and formaldehyde, are known to have carcinogenic properties. These compounds are emitted from vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, and fuel combustion, making them common urban air pollutants. Long-term exposure has been linked to lung cancer and other health effects.
- Finished water is defined as:
- Answer: The water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment
Explanation: Finished water refers to drinking water that has undergone treatment processes such as filtration and disinfection before being distributed to consumers.
- Very small particles can be removed from drinking water by:
- Answer: B and C (Sand filtering and Use of activated charcoal)
Explanation (300 words):
Removing very small particles from drinking water is essential for ensuring its safety and quality. Two effective methods are sand filtering and the use of activated charcoal.
1. Sand Filtering:
Sand filtration is a physical water purification technique that removes suspended solids, including fine particles, dirt, and some pathogens. Water passes through layers of fine sand, which trap these particles. This method is commonly used in municipal water treatment facilities and household filtration systems. Sand filters are particularly effective in removing larger particles and some bacteria, but they do not remove dissolved chemicals or very fine contaminants.
2. Activated Charcoal:
Activated charcoal, also known as activated carbon, is highly porous and has a large surface area, making it effective at adsorbing contaminants. It removes organic compounds, chlorine, and some heavy metals from water. Activated charcoal is especially useful in eliminating unpleasant tastes and odors caused by chemical pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pesticides.
Together, sand filtering and activated charcoal provide a robust method for improving drinking water quality. Sand filtration primarily removes suspended particles, while activated charcoal removes dissolved contaminants. However, neither method alone can remove all types of pollutants, such as viruses or certain heavy metals. Therefore, in comprehensive water treatment processes, these methods are often combined with other techniques such as chemical disinfection (e.g., chlorination) or membrane filtration (e.g., reverse osmosis) to ensure the highest quality of potable water.
Boiling, while effective in killing microorganisms, does not remove small particles or chemical contaminants, making it less useful for this specific purpose. Thus, the correct answer is B and C (Sand filtering and Use of activated charcoal).