Using the three major sociological theories, explain each theoretical perspective on deviance. Then compare and contrast the role deviance plays in society according to the theories.
The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
The three major sociological theories—Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism—each offer distinct perspectives on deviance and its role in society.
- Functionalism (Emile Durkheim):
Functionalists view deviance as a necessary part of society. Durkheim argued that deviance serves a function by promoting social cohesion and helping to clarify societal norms. Deviance challenges societal norms, which leads to the creation of boundaries and the reinforcement of laws and values. For instance, when someone commits a crime, society reacts, which reinforces collective morality and unity. Deviance also provides opportunities for social change by highlighting areas where societal norms may be outdated or unjust, thus contributing to social evolution. - Conflict Theory (Karl Marx):
Conflict theorists see deviance as a result of social inequality. They argue that those in power define what is considered deviant, often criminalizing behaviors that threaten their dominance or interests. Deviance, therefore, is not an inherent violation of social norms but a social construct used to maintain the power structures. For example, laws may disproportionately target lower-income or marginalized groups, while more privileged groups may escape punishment for similar actions. Conflict theorists emphasize that deviance exposes the inherent inequalities within the system and the power dynamics that shape societal norms. - Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead):
Symbolic interactionists focus on the social processes through which deviance is defined and labeled. According to the labeling theory, deviance is not inherent in an act, but rather a result of social interactions and labels applied by others. When individuals are labeled as deviant, they may internalize this label, which can lead to further deviant behavior. Interactionists emphasize the role of socialization in shaping individuals’ definitions of deviance and argue that deviance is learned through interactions with others, often in small groups or subcultures.
Comparison and Contrast:
While Functionalism views deviance as a positive force that maintains societal order and cohesion, Conflict Theory sees it as a tool of oppression used by those in power to control the disadvantaged. Symbolic Interactionism, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of social interactions in defining and labeling deviance, suggesting that it is not inherently criminal or immoral but rather a product of societal processes. In essence, Functionalism and Conflict Theory focus on the macro aspects of society (social functions and power structures), while Symbolic Interactionism examines the micro level, emphasizing individual and group dynamics.