A. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when negative reinforcement occurs. responses are consistently followed by aversive or unpleasant events. reinforcement is withheld or stopped. shaping is used to alter behavior. 1 pts
B. The goals of the Progressive movement included all of the following EXCEPT
a] creating playgrounds and parks
b] free silver
c] regulated trusts
d] party primaries
The correct answer and explanation is :
Answers:
A. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when reinforcement is withheld or stopped.
B. The goals of the Progressive movement included all of the following EXCEPT b] free silver.
Explanation:
A. Extinction in Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning, a concept introduced by B.F. Skinner, refers to the process by which behaviors are influenced by their consequences. Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when a behavior that was previously reinforced is no longer followed by reinforcement, leading to a gradual decrease in that behavior. This means that if an individual or an animal stops receiving rewards for a certain action, they will eventually stop performing that action.
For example, if a teacher stops giving praise to a student for completing assignments, the student may lose motivation and stop doing them consistently. Extinction differs from punishment because it does not introduce an unpleasant stimulus but instead removes the reinforcement that was maintaining the behavior.
Other answer choices are incorrect:
- Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen behavior.
- Consistently following responses with aversive events refers to punishment, not extinction.
- Shaping involves gradually modifying behavior through successive approximations, which is unrelated to extinction.
B. Progressive Movement and Free Silver
The Progressive movement (late 19th and early 20th century) aimed to reform social, economic, and political issues caused by industrialization and urbanization. Some key goals included:
- Creating playgrounds and parks to provide safe recreational spaces for children.
- Regulating trusts to prevent monopolies and ensure fair business competition.
- Party primaries to allow more democratic selection of candidates.
However, free silver was not a Progressive goal. It was part of the Populist movement, which sought to expand the money supply by coining silver, believing it would help farmers and debtors. Progressives focused more on government regulation, social justice, and political reform rather than monetary policy.
Here is an illustration representing the Progressive Era, highlighting key reforms such as better working conditions, trust regulation, and the establishment of public parks.