What are the genetic consequences of mitotic cell division for the resulting daughter cells?
The correct answer and explanation is :
Correct Answer:
Mitotic cell division results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
Explanation (300 words):
Mitosis is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. During this process, a single parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells, both of which are genetically identical to the parent cell. This genetic consistency is crucial for maintaining stable cellular function and organismal integrity.
The genetic consequences of mitosis ensure that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell’s DNA. This is achieved through a highly regulated sequence of phases:
- Interphase (S Phase): Before mitosis begins, the cell duplicates its DNA during the S phase of interphase. This ensures that when the cell divides, each daughter cell will receive a full set of chromosomes.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear envelope starts breaking down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plane, ensuring equal distribution.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers and move to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase and Cytokinesis: The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides, producing two separate but genetically identical daughter cells.
Each daughter cell has the same diploid chromosome number as the parent cell (e.g., in humans, 46 chromosomes). This genetic fidelity is maintained through precise DNA replication and chromosome segregation. Any errors in mitosis, such as nondisjunction or mutations, could lead to genetic abnormalities, including cancer or developmental disorders. However, under normal conditions, mitosis ensures genetic stability across cell generations, allowing organisms to grow, replace damaged cells, and maintain homeostasis.