Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition there are five
Acquisition-Learning hypothesis
Monitor hypothesis
Natural order hypothesis
Input hypothesis
Affective filter hypothesis
The correct answer and explanation is :
Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition consists of five key hypotheses:
- Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis – Krashen distinguishes between acquisition, which is a subconscious and natural process similar to how children learn their first language, and learning, which is a conscious process involving formal instruction. He argues that acquisition is the most effective way to develop true language proficiency.
- Monitor Hypothesis – This hypothesis explains that conscious learning acts as a “monitor” or editor that corrects language output. However, effective monitoring requires time, focus on form, and explicit knowledge of grammatical rules, which may slow down communication.
- Natural Order Hypothesis – Language learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable sequence, which is largely independent of explicit instruction. Some elements are learned earlier than others, regardless of individual differences or teaching methods.
- Input Hypothesis – Language is acquired when learners are exposed to comprehensible input slightly beyond their current level (i+1). If learners understand the essence of the message, their language ability will naturally improve without direct focus on grammar.
- Affective Filter Hypothesis – Emotional factors such as motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety influence language acquisition. A low affective filter (low anxiety, high motivation) allows for more effective learning, while a high affective filter can block input and hinder progress.
Explanation
Krashen’s theory revolutionized language teaching by emphasizing the importance of natural exposure and meaningful communication rather than rote memorization and grammar drills. His Input Hypothesis suggests that learners progress best when they receive understandable but slightly challenging input, aligning with immersion-based learning strategies. The Affective Filter Hypothesis highlights the role of emotions, suggesting that reducing anxiety in the classroom leads to better learning outcomes. Together, these principles support communicative and immersive approaches, such as storytelling and interactive conversation, as the most effective ways to acquire a second language.