Explanations concerning the etiology of which dissociative disorder are MOST controversial?
a. Dissociative fugue
b. Dissociative depressive disorder
c. Dissociative identity disorder
d. Dissociative amnesia
The correct answer and explanation is :
Correct Answer: c. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the most controversial dissociative disorder in terms of etiology. Formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, DID is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that control a person’s behavior at different times. The controversy surrounding DID stems from debates over its causes, authenticity, and cultural influences.
Controversy in Etiology
The two primary models explaining the origins of DID are:
- The Trauma Model – This theory suggests that DID develops as a result of severe childhood trauma, particularly chronic abuse or neglect. According to this model, dissociation serves as a defense mechanism, allowing individuals to escape overwhelming stress by fragmenting their identity. Supporters argue that DID is a complex response to extreme stress, much like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
- The Sociocognitive Model – This model proposes that DID is a socially constructed phenomenon influenced by therapist suggestion, media portrayals, and cultural expectations. It argues that DID symptoms may arise from suggestibility, fantasy-proneness, and reinforcement of dissociative behaviors rather than actual trauma. Critics claim that some therapists inadvertently encourage patients to create multiple personalities through leading questions and hypnosis.
Key Issues in the Debate
- Validity of Diagnosis – Some researchers question whether DID is a legitimate mental disorder or a product of suggestion and media influence.
- Misdiagnosis and Overdiagnosis – Skeptics argue that many DID cases could be better explained by borderline personality disorder, PTSD, or malingering.
- Cultural Factors – DID appears to be more commonly diagnosed in Western cultures, leading some to suspect that cultural expectations shape its presentation.
Due to these ongoing debates, DID remains the most controversial dissociative disorder in terms of its etiology.