Give any two important differences between the function-oriented and object-oriented design approaches

Give any two important differences between the function-oriented and object-oriented design approaches.

The correct answer and explanation is:

Two Important Differences Between Function-Oriented and Object-Oriented Design Approaches

Feature	Function-Oriented Design	Object-Oriented Design
Approach	Focuses on decomposing a system into functions or procedures.	Focuses on decomposing a system into objects that encapsulate both data and behavior.
Data Handling	Data is typically shared among functions and can be modified by multiple functions.	Data is encapsulated within objects, and access is controlled through methods.

Explanation

The Function-Oriented Design (FOD) and Object-Oriented Design (OOD) approaches differ significantly in how they structure software systems. These differences impact maintainability, reusability, and scalability.

1. Approach (Procedural vs. Object-Centric)
   Function-oriented design follows a procedural approach, meaning the system is divided into functions that perform specific tasks. It emphasizes breaking down the system into a sequence of computational steps. For example, in a banking system, a function like calculateInterest() might be responsible for computing interest separately from functions handling deposits or withdrawals. In contrast, object-oriented design revolves around objects, which bundle data and related behavior. Instead of standalone functions, OOD creates classes representing real-world entities, such as a BankAccount class containing attributes (balance, accountNumber) and methods (deposit(), withdraw(), calculateInterest()). This makes it easier to model complex systems naturally and extend functionality.
2. Data Handling (Global vs. Encapsulation)
   In function-oriented design, data is often stored in global structures or passed between functions. This makes the data vulnerable to unintended modifications, leading to errors and debugging challenges. For example, multiple functions modifying a shared customerBalance variable might introduce inconsistencies. Object-oriented design promotes encapsulation, where data is hidden within objects and only accessible through predefined methods. This safeguards the integrity of the data and enforces controlled access. For instance, a BankAccount object only allows balance updates through its deposit() or withdraw() methods, ensuring consistency and security.

Thus, object-oriented design offers greater modularity, reusability, and security, making it preferable for large-scale and maintainable software systems.

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