Explain the function of cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell membrane, flagellum, fimbriae, and nucleus. Identify any of these features that are specific to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
Correct Answer:
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance inside all cells that holds organelles and is the site of many metabolic reactions. Present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Mitochondrion: Organelle that generates energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. Found only in eukaryotic cells.
- Cell membrane: Protective barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Flagellum: Tail-like structure used for movement. Found in both, but structurally different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Fimbriae: Hair-like projections used for attachment to surfaces. Found only in prokaryotic cells.
- Nucleus: Membrane-bound organelle that stores DNA. Found only in eukaryotic cells.
300-Word Explanation:
Cells, the basic units of life, are classified as prokaryotic (like bacteria) or eukaryotic (like plant and animal cells). Despite their differences, they share some common structures and functions.
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like fluid filling the cell interior. It supports organelles and is the site of crucial biochemical reactions. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm, though only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles within it.
The cell membrane, present in all cells, is a flexible barrier composed of lipids and proteins. It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell, helping maintain homeostasis.
The mitochondrion is known as the “powerhouse” of the cell. It generates ATP through cellular respiration. This organelle is found only in eukaryotic cells, as prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles.
The nucleus is another hallmark of eukaryotic cells. It houses the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities such as growth and reproduction. Prokaryotic cells, in contrast, have DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm without a membrane-bound nucleus.
Flagella are structures used for locomotion. While both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can have flagella, their composition and structure differ. In prokaryotes, flagella are simpler and rotate like a propeller. In eukaryotes, they are more complex and whip back and forth.
Fimbriae are short, hair-like appendages found only in prokaryotes. Unlike flagella, they are not used for movement but help bacteria attach to surfaces, which is essential for colonization and infection.
Understanding these structures helps differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and reveals how form relates to function in cellular biology.