According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it A reduces a biological need in a person or nonhuman animal. B results in a pleasurable feeling for the person or nonhuman animal. C increases the tendency to make a particular response. D decreases the tendency to make a particular response.
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
Correct Answer: C – Increases the tendency to make a particular response.
Explanation
B.F. Skinner, a prominent behaviorist, is best known for his work on operant conditioning. According to Skinner, behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. In this context, a reinforcer is any stimulus that increases the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again in the future. This definition is crucial: it is the effect of the stimulus on behavior that determines whether it is a reinforcer, not its inherent qualities.
Option C is correct because it reflects Skinner’s functional approach: a stimulus is a reinforcer if and only if it increases the probability of the behavior that it follows. For example, if giving a dog a treat after it sits increases the frequency of the dog sitting on command, then the treat functions as a reinforcer.
Options A and B reflect earlier theories of motivation and reinforcement, such as drive-reduction theory and hedonism. While reducing a biological need (A) or producing pleasure (B) may sometimes function as reinforcers, they do not define reinforcement in Skinner’s system. For instance, not all pleasurable or need-reducing stimuli necessarily increase behavior. Skinner emphasized that we cannot determine in advance what will serve as a reinforcer—we must observe its effect on behavior.
Option D, “decreases the tendency to make a particular response,” describes punishment, not reinforcement. A punisher is a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
In summary, Skinner’s behavioral approach is empirical and outcome-based. A reinforcer is identified by its effect—specifically, whether it increases the frequency of a behavior. This understanding forms the foundation for behavior modification techniques widely used in education, therapy, and animal training.
