MDMA, otherwise known as Ecstasy, works primarily by causing a general unloading of the neurotransmitter __ into the brain.
A dopamine
B norepinephrine
C serotonin
D endorphin
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is C. serotonin.
MDMA, commonly referred to as Ecstasy, primarily works by significantly increasing the release of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in regulating mood, emotions, sleep, and appetite. When MDMA is consumed, it causes the serotonin transporters (SERT) in the brain to reverse their function. Instead of taking serotonin from the synaptic cleft (the space between neurons) back into the neuron, the transporters release more serotonin into the synapse. This leads to an increase in serotonin levels and prolonged stimulation of serotonin receptors.
This action of serotonin release results in feelings of euphoria, emotional warmth, and empathy, which are commonly associated with MDMA use. Users often report heightened senses, an increased sense of connection with others, and a profound sense of well-being. In addition to serotonin, MDMA also affects the release of other neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine to a lesser degree, which may contribute to the stimulant effects such as increased energy, alertness, and heart rate.
However, the primary mechanism behind MDMA’s effects is its influence on serotonin. The release of serotonin is why MDMA is also considered an “empathogen,” as it enhances social bonding and emotional closeness. After the effects wear off, the brain’s serotonin levels can be depleted, which may lead to negative aftereffects such as mood depression, fatigue, and irritability.
The serotonin release caused by MDMA can also have more serious consequences, such as neurotoxicity. Prolonged or heavy use of MDMA has been linked to long-term serotonin system damage, which may result in cognitive deficits, memory issues, and mood disorders.