What does “covalent” mean?
The correct answer and explanation is:
“Covalent” refers to a type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This sharing occurs between non-metal atoms, allowing them to achieve more stable electron configurations, typically aiming to fill their outermost electron shells.
In a covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally or unequally depending on the electronegativity of the atoms involved. Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons. If two atoms have similar electronegativity, the electrons are shared equally, forming a nonpolar covalent bond. However, if one atom is more electronegative than the other, the electrons are shared unevenly, creating a polar covalent bond. This results in partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved.
Covalent bonds are typically formed between atoms of non-metals, such as oxygen and hydrogen in water (H2O). Molecules like oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are all examples of covalent compounds. The number of shared electron pairs determines the strength and characteristics of the bond. For example, a single covalent bond involves the sharing of one pair of electrons, while a double bond involves the sharing of two pairs, and a triple bond involves three pairs.
Covalent bonds give rise to molecules that are generally stable and can exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature, depending on the substance. The strength of covalent bonds also contributes to the physical properties of the molecule, such as melting and boiling points. For instance, water has a relatively high boiling point because of the strong hydrogen bonds, a type of intermolecular force associated with covalent bonding.