Which of the following is true about self-esteem and narcissism?
a. The best way to be happy is to focus on ourselves and our own needs.
b. Narcissists are disliked by others but do better academically and in business than other people.
c. People who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) persevere more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people.
d. Narcissism has been decreasing among college students in the United States over the past 30 years.
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is: c. People who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) persevere more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people.
Explanation:
Self-esteem and narcissism are related but distinct concepts. Self-esteem refers to how individuals perceive and value themselves, while narcissism is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with oneself, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. Narcissism often includes traits such as grandiosity, entitlement, and a desire for dominance, which differ significantly from healthy self-esteem, which involves a realistic and balanced view of oneself.
Now, let’s break down why option c is the correct one:
- Optimism and Perseverance: People who maintain a healthy level of self-esteem often exhibit optimism, which in turn helps them persist through setbacks. Optimistic individuals tend to have a positive outlook on the future, believe in their ability to overcome challenges, and are less likely to be discouraged by failures. This attitude encourages perseverance and the ability to set higher goals. Healthy self-esteem fosters resilience, while narcissism, which is more focused on admiration and external validation, might not have the same effect on goal-setting or perseverance in the face of failure.
- Narcissism’s Impact: On the other hand, narcissists often focus on external recognition and validation. While they may achieve short-term success, their relationships and long-term success tend to suffer due to their lack of empathy, selfishness, and inability to work well in teams. Narcissism can be harmful in collaborative environments and hinder genuine personal growth, which is why narcissists might not necessarily do better in the long term academically or in business, contrary to option b.
Why the other options are incorrect:
- a. Focusing on our own needs to the exclusion of others can lead to narcissistic traits and prevent meaningful, healthy relationships. True happiness often involves balance and concern for both ourselves and others.
- b. While narcissists may appear successful due to their self-promotion and confidence, their interpersonal relationships and ability to collaborate are often compromised, affecting long-term success. They are typically disliked by others.
- d. Narcissism has been rising among college students in the United States, not decreasing. Studies over the past few decades indicate an increase in narcissistic traits among younger generations, partly due to societal factors like social media.
Thus, option c best reflects how optimism (without narcissism) can lead to higher achievement and persistence.