What are insulin and glucagon, where are they produced and what do they regulate?
The correct answer and explanation is:
Insulin and glucagon are two important hormones that play crucial roles in regulating blood glucose levels. Both are produced in the pancreas, which is an organ located behind the stomach. The pancreas has specialized cells called the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for secreting these hormones.
Insulin is produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Its primary function is to lower blood glucose levels. After consuming food, particularly carbohydrates, blood glucose levels rise. In response, insulin is secreted into the bloodstream, allowing cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to absorb glucose. This glucose is either used immediately for energy or stored as glycogen for later use, primarily in the liver and muscles. By promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, insulin helps maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Glucagon, on the other hand, is produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans. Its primary function is to increase blood glucose levels when they are too low. This typically occurs between meals or during physical activity when glucose is used for energy. Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose through a process known as glycogenolysis. It also promotes the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in a process called gluconeogenesis. Both actions raise blood sugar levels, ensuring the body has a steady supply of energy.
The balance between insulin and glucagon is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body. Insulin ensures that blood glucose levels do not rise too high, while glucagon ensures that blood glucose levels do not fall too low. The two hormones work in opposition to each other, with insulin lowering glucose and glucagon raising it. This delicate balance is essential for proper energy regulation and overall metabolic function.