What is the term for abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity (often due to liver disease)?
water
intoxication edema
ascites
diuresis
hypernatremia
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is ascites.
Ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall. This condition is most commonly associated with liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. When the liver becomes severely damaged, it impairs normal blood flow and liver function, which leads to a series of events that can cause fluid buildup in the abdomen.
The liver normally produces proteins like albumin, which help maintain the balance of fluids in the blood vessels. In liver disease, the liver’s ability to produce these proteins decreases, resulting in a low level of albumin in the bloodstream. This imbalance contributes to fluid leaking from the blood vessels into the abdominal cavity. Additionally, liver dysfunction leads to portal hypertension, which is increased pressure in the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This heightened pressure can force fluid out of the veins and into the peritoneal cavity.
The fluid in ascites often contains a mixture of water, electrolytes, and proteins. The condition can lead to discomfort, difficulty breathing, and other complications. It may be diagnosed through physical examination, ultrasound, or fluid analysis obtained via paracentesis (a procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen). Ascites can be managed with medications such as diuretics to reduce fluid accumulation, but in severe cases, procedures like paracentesis may be needed to drain the excess fluid.
While ascites is most often related to liver disease, it can also result from other conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, or cancer.