Which developments most led to changes in the level of presidential power during the 20 th century?
A. Presidents’ increasing willingness to veto any laws that raised taxes
B. The expanded use of executive actions to combat economic crises
C. The elimination of many high-level bureaucratic positions
D. Congress’s consistent refusal to approve presidential appointments
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is B. The expanded use of executive actions to combat economic crises.
Throughout the 20th century, presidential power grew considerably due to several key developments, particularly the increased use of executive orders and actions. Presidents began to rely more on executive actions to address urgent issues, especially during economic crises. These actions allowed presidents to bypass legislative processes when quick solutions were needed, increasing their influence over policy and governance. This trend began in earnest during the New Deal era under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used executive powers to implement a wide range of programs aimed at alleviating the Great Depression. These actions, while often challenged, were instrumental in shaping the modern role of the presidency.
Presidents’ expanded use of executive orders continued throughout the 20th century. For example, during World War II, President Harry S. Truman’s executive orders helped manage the wartime economy, and President Lyndon B. Johnson used executive actions to enforce civil rights laws. The use of executive action became even more pronounced in the late 20th century with the rise of the so-called “imperial presidency,” where presidents took more unilateral actions in foreign and domestic policy.
While other factors, such as Congress’s refusal to approve presidential appointments (D), have affected the scope of presidential power, the use of executive orders and actions stands out as the most significant driver of presidential influence. Additionally, the expansion of the federal bureaucracy and the increasing role of the federal government in daily life also contributed to the growth of presidential power, as presidents often became seen as the primary figure in dealing with national issues.