Name the seven diatomic elements in order of increasing Z: hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen, iodine, chlorine, bromine. Part b: Identify the name for each polyatomic ion shown: CO32- (carbonate), ClO4- (perchlorate), PO43- (phosphate), NO2- (nitrite), SO42- (sulfate), OH- (hydroxide), NH4+ (ammonium). Part c: Name each ion and the Latin nomenclature: N3- (nitride), Cu+ (cuprous), Ca2+ (calcium), Pb4+ (plumbic). Part d: Write the name and formula mass (amu) for each element: Cu3P (copper(I) phosphide, 221.1 amu), HCN(aq) (hydrogen cyanide, 27.03 amu), SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride, 146.06 amu), H2CO3 (aq) (carbonic acid, 62.03 amu), GaAs (gallium arsenide, 144.64 amu), HNO2 (aq) (nitrous acid, 47.02 amu), N2O3 (dinitrogen trioxide, 76.01 amu), Al(CN)3 (aluminum cyanide, 105.99 amu), I2Se7 (diiodine heptaselenide, 654.54 amu), Cr2(SO3)3 (chromium(III) sulfite, 342.18 amu), B6Si (boron silicide, 92.94 amu), H3PO4 (aq) (phosphoric acid, 97.99 amu), C6H6 (benzene, 78.11 amu), HBr (aq) (hydrobromic acid, 80.91 amu), Pb(SO4)2 (lead(IV) sulfate, 399.2 amu), SnSe (tin(II) selenide, 190.79 amu), H2SO3 (aq) (sulfurous acid, 82.07 amu), Si2Cl6 (disilicon hexachloride, 268.73 amu).
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
Part A: Diatomic Elements in Order of Increasing Atomic Number (Z)
The seven diatomic elements are:
- Hydrogen (H), Z = 1
- Nitrogen (N), Z = 7
- Oxygen (O), Z = 8
- Fluorine (F), Z = 9
- Chlorine (Cl), Z = 17
- Bromine (Br), Z = 35
- Iodine (I), Z = 53
These elements naturally form diatomic molecules (e.g., H₂, N₂, O₂) because they have an unpaired valence electron, making it energetically favorable for them to bond with another atom of the same element to achieve a stable electronic configuration.
Part B: Names of Polyatomic Ions
- CO₃²⁻: Carbonate
- ClO₄⁻: Perchlorate
- PO₄³⁻: Phosphate
- NO₂⁻: Nitrite
- SO₄²⁻: Sulfate
- OH⁻: Hydroxide
- NH₄⁺: Ammonium
These polyatomic ions are common in both inorganic chemistry and biochemistry, with each ion having a distinct role in various chemical reactions and processes.
Part C: Name and Latin Nomenclature of Ions
- N³⁻: Nitride (no Latin nomenclature needed, as it’s a simple ion)
- Cu⁺: Cuprous (Latin for copper in the +1 oxidation state)
- Ca²⁺: Calcium (no Latin nomenclature, as it is a straightforward ion)
- Pb⁴⁺: Plumbic (Latin for lead in the +4 oxidation state)
Latin nomenclature is used primarily for transition metals and some other elements to distinguish between their different oxidation states (e.g., cuprous for +1 and cupric for +2).
Part D: Names and Formula Masses of Compounds
- Cu₃P (Copper(I) Phosphide): Formula mass = 221.1 amu
- Copper(I) Phosphide is a compound consisting of copper in the +1 oxidation state and phosphorus.
- HCN (Hydrogen Cyanide, aq): Formula mass = 27.03 amu
- Hydrogen cyanide is a simple molecular compound with a highly toxic nature.
- SF₆ (Sulfur Hexafluoride): Formula mass = 146.06 amu
- Sulfur hexafluoride is an inert gas used in high-voltage electrical equipment.
- H₂CO₃ (Carbonic Acid, aq): Formula mass = 62.03 amu
- Carbonic acid forms when CO₂ dissolves in water and is involved in carbonated beverages.
- GaAs (Gallium Arsenide): Formula mass = 144.64 amu
- Gallium arsenide is used in semiconductors and optoelectronic devices.
- HNO₂ (Nitrous Acid, aq): Formula mass = 47.02 amu
- Nitrous acid is a weak acid that plays a role in some chemical reactions.
- N₂O₃ (Dinitrogen Trioxide): Formula mass = 76.01 amu
- Dinitrogen trioxide is a nitrogen oxide compound that forms when NO reacts with N₂.
- Al(CN)₃ (Aluminum Cyanide): Formula mass = 105.99 amu
- Aluminum cyanide contains aluminum in a +3 oxidation state bonded to cyanide ions.
- I₂Se₇ (Diiodine Heptaselenide): Formula mass = 654.54 amu
- Diiodine heptaselenide is a rare compound made of iodine and selenium.
- Cr₂(SO₃)₃ (Chromium(III) Sulfite): Formula mass = 342.18 amu
- Chromium(III) sulfite is a compound formed by chromium in the +3 oxidation state.
- B₆Si (Boron Silicide): Formula mass = 92.94 amu
- Boron silicide is used in the manufacturing of semiconductors.
- H₃PO₄ (Phosphoric Acid, aq): Formula mass = 97.99 amu
- Phosphoric acid is widely used in fertilizers and food processing.
- C₆H₆ (Benzene): Formula mass = 78.11 amu
- Benzene is a well-known aromatic hydrocarbon used in industrial processes.
- HBr (Hydrobromic Acid, aq): Formula mass = 80.91 amu
- Hydrobromic acid is a strong acid formed when hydrogen bromide dissolves in water.
- Pb(SO₄)₂ (Lead(IV) Sulfate): Formula mass = 399.2 amu
- Lead(IV) sulfate is a lead compound where lead is in the +4 oxidation state.
- SnSe (Tin(II) Selenide): Formula mass = 190.79 amu
- Tin(II) selenide is a semiconductor material.
- H₂SO₃ (Sulfurous Acid, aq): Formula mass = 82.07 amu
- Sulfurous acid is a weak acid produced by dissolving sulfur dioxide in water.
- Si₂Cl₆ (Disilicon Hexachloride): Formula mass = 268.73 amu
- Disilicon hexachloride is a silicon compound used in various chemical reactions.
