- axial skeleton
- Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column; 80 bones
- Appendicular skeleton
- bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities; 126 bones
- osteoblasts
- bone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function; derived from mesenchymal cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by vitamin D
- osteoclasts
- Bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling and the release of calcium; large and multinucleated
- osteocytes
- a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form and resorb bone
- Compact bone
- Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong; haversian system is basic structural unit in compact bone
- Spongy bone
- Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton; filled with red bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or bars instead
- bone remodeling
- ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
- bone repair
- hematoma formation
- callus formation
- callus ossification
- bone remodeling
- Fibrous joints
- consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together; sutures
- cartilaginous joints
- allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
- symphysis joint
- two bones joined by fibrocartilage; symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks
- synchondrosis joint
- Bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only; joints between ribs and sternum
- synovial joints
- most movable and the most complex joints
- fusiform muscles
- thick in middle and tapered at ends
- biceps brachii , gastrocnemius
- pennate muscles
- Broad, flat, and slightly fan shaped
- skeletal muscle
- a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
- Muscle contraction
- Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
- Muscle contraction steps
- excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation
- isometric muscle contraction
- a static contraction that generates muscle tension but does not result in body movement
- isotonic muscle contraction
- muscle changes in length with no change in tension
- Aging and the Musculoskeletal System
- bone remodeling, osteoporosis; postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the vertebral column due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral discs; contour changes due to loss of fat in the body periphery; bony prominences become more marked
- Complete fracture
- bone is broken all the way through
- incomplete fracture
- bone is not broken all the way through but still in one piece
- comminuted fracture
- bone breaks into many fragments
- linear fracture
- the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
- oblique fracture
- fracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
- spiral fracture
- a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
- transverse fracture
- occurs straight across the bone
- greenstick fracture
- perforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone
- torus fracture
- cortex buckles but does not break
- bowing
- longitudinal force is applied to a bone
- pathologic fracture
- break occurs at the site of a preexisting abnormality
- stress fracture
- fatigue fracture; transchondral
- dislocation
- displacement of a bone from its joint
- subluxation
- contact between the bones in the joint only partially lost
- strain
- tear or injury to a tendon
- sprain
- tear or injury to a ligament
- avulsion
- Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site
- tendinitis
- inflammation of a tendon
- tendinosis
- Painful degradation of collagen fibers
- bursitis
- inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
- epicondylitis
- Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone
- myositis ossificans
- a condition in which bone forms in and replaces muscle tissue as a result of trauma; rider’s bone in equestrian, drill bone in soldiers, thigh muscles in football players
- rhabodomyolysis
- death of muscle cells; crush syndrome and compartment syndrome; classic triad – muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine
- compartment syndrome
- injury caused when tissues such as blood vessels and nerves are constricted within a space as from swelling or from a tight dressing or cast
- 5Ps of compartment syndrome
- pallor
- pulselesness
- paralysis
- pain
- paresthesia
- Osteoporosis
- A condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily.
- OPG/RANKL/RANK system
- osteoprotegrin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, and receptor activator of nuclear factor KB; pain bone deformity, fractures, kyphosis, diminished height
- osteomalacia
- abnormal softening of bones in adults; deficiency of vitamin D lowers the absorption of calcium from intestines; pain, bone fractures, vertebral collapse, bone malformation, waddling gait
- Osteomyelitis
- inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by staph infection; infection spreads under periosteum and along the bone shaft or into the bone marrow
- Paget disease
- osteitis deformans; a common, often mild bone disorder characterized by replacement of normal spongy bone with disorganized bone matrix; brain compression, impaired motor function, deafness, atrophy of the optic nerve
- noninflammatory joint disease
- Absence of synovial membrane inflammation, lack of systemic signs and symptoms, normal synovial fluid
- Inflammatory joint disease
- Damage or destruction in synovial membrane or articular cartilage with systemic signs of inflammation
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
- progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
- rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body; general systemic symptoms
- basics of bone tumors
- May originate from bone cells, cartilage, fibrous tissue, marrow, or vascular tissue;
- Osteogenic, chondrogenic, collagenic, and myelogenic; Malignant bone tumor classification; Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, irregular borders, excess chromatin, prominent nucleolus, increase in the mitotic rate
- ankylosing spondylitis
- a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae; low back pain, stiffness, restricted motion, “bamboo spine”
- gout
- hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
- physiologic contracture
- muscle fiber shortening without an AP, temporary; caused by the failure of SR even with available ATP
- pathologic contracture
- permanent muscle and tendon shortening due to fibrotic changes from muscle spasm or weakness
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
- disuse atrophy
- when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size
- fibromyalgia
- chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue; diffuse, chronic pain, nine pairs of tender points
- polymyositis
- Generalized muscle inflammation; mediated by T cells
- Dermatomyositis
- polymyositis that also affects the skin; humorally mediated
Aging changes in skin
becomes thinner, drier, wrinkled, and demonstrate changes in pigmentation; number of capillary loops shorten and decrease; melanocytes and Langerhans cells are fewer; temp regulation compromised; protective functions decrease
Primary lesions
lesions arising from previously normal skin
Secondary lesions
lesions that result in changes in primary lesions
Pressure ulcer
any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that results in damage to underlying tissue
decubitus ulcer
sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Stages of pressure ulcers
Stage I: nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
Stage II: partial-thickness skin loss
Stage III: full-thickness skin loss; not involving underlying fascia
Stage IV: full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction
Unstageable: base of ulcer covered by slough and/or eschar in wound bed
Pruritus
itching; caused by unmyelinated C-nerve fibers
Neuropathic itch
Related to any pathologic condition along an afferent pathway
Psychogenic itch
Psychologic disorders
Allergic contact dermatitis
T-cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity; erythema, swelling, pruritus, and vesicular lesions
Irritant contact dermatitis
occurs when irritating substances temporarily damage the epidermis
atopic dermatitis
an unusual inflammation of the skin; associated with a family history of allergies, hay fever, elevated IgE levels, and increased histamine sensitivity
stasis dermatitis
occurs in the lower leg when varicose veins slow the return of blood and the accumulation of fluid interferes with the nourishment of the skin
seborrheic dermatitis
an inflammation that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp; greasy, scaly, white, or yellowish plaques
Psoriasis
chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales; t-cell mediated autoimmune skin disease
Pityriasis Rosea
Benign, self-limiting inflammatory disorder
Usually occurs during the winter months; Herald patch
Circular, demarcated, salmon-pink, 3- to 4-cm lesion
Lichen planus
Benign, autoinflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes; Unknown origin; involvement of T cells, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and antigen-presenting cells; Lesions: nonscaling popular violet-colored with pruritus on wrists, ankles, lower legs, and genitalia
acne vulgaris
inflammation of the sebaceous glands; hypertrophy of sebaceous glands and telangiectasia
acne rosacea
chronic form of adult acne with redness and tiny pimples, primarily on nose
DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus)
Autoimmune attack on the skin causing red scaly dry patches; can lead to systemic lupus; altered immune response with the development of self-reactive T and B cells, decreased number of regulatory T cells, and increased proinflammatory cytokines
Erythema multiforme
acute recurring disorder of skin and mucous membranes; associated with allergic or toxic reactions to drugs or microorganisms; caused by immune complexes formed and deposited around dermal blood vessels, basement membranes, and keratinocytes; affects mouth, air passages, esophagus, urethra, and conjunctivae
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Toxic epidermal necrolysis – numerous erythematous bullous lesions on the skin and mucus membranes; causes severe blistering
Pemphigus
rare autoimmune disease characterized by intraepidermal vesicles associated with acantholysis
demographic: 30-59
may be associated with internal malignancies, including thymoma
5 types
Folliculitis
inflammation of the hair follicles
foruncles
boils; develop from preceding folliculitis; spread through follicular wall into the surrounding dermis
Carbuncles
collection of infected hair follicles; erythematous, painful, swollen mass that drains through many openings; development of abscesses
Cellulitis
infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue; staph or group B strep cause
necrotizing fasciitis
Rare, rapidly spreading inflammatory infection located in the deep fascia
Erysipelas
acute superficial infection of the upper dermis
impetigo
bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions
HSV-1
contact with infected saliva; cold sores or fever blisters: most common manifestation
HSV-2
genital infections; skin-to-skin mucous membrane contact during viral shedding; vertical transmission from mother to neonate
Varicella Zoster Virus
cause of herpes zoster (shingles) and varicella (chickenpox); pain and paresthesia localized to a dermatome, followed by vesicular eruptions along a facial, cervical, or thoracic lumbar dermatome
Warts
benign lesions caused by HPV; transmitted by touch
Condylomata acuminata
Venereal warts
Highly contagious, sexually transmitted
Cauliflower-like lesions occur in moist areas, along the glans of the penis, vulva, and anus
Oncogenic HPV a primary cause of cervical cancer
Mycoses
diseases caused by fungi
Candidiasis
caused by candida albicans; normally found on the skin, in GI tract, and in vagina
Hives
urticara is due to type 1 hypersensitivity reactions to allergens; histamine release cause endothelial cells of the skin to contract; Red, itchy, possibly raised blotches on the skin that often result from allergic reactions
scleroderma
sclerosis of the skin that can progress to muscles, bones, internal organs; skin: Hard, hypopigmented, taut, shiny, and tightly connected to underlying tissue
Lyme disease
Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
basal cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium
malignant melanoma
Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue
Cold Injuries
frostbite, frostnip, and non freezing injury; inflammation and reperfusion are part of the pathophysiology
partial thickness injury
Involves only the epidermis without injury to the underlying dermal or subcutaneous tissue.
superficial partial thickness burn
Involves the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis. Involved area may be extremely painful and exhibit blisters. Healing occurs with minimal to no scarring in 5-21 days.
deep partial thickness burn
extends into the skin dermis and the wound is red and dry, with white areas in deeper parts; can convert to a full-thickness burn if tissue damage increases with infection, hypoxia, or ischemia
full thickness burn
a burn involving destruction of the entire skin; extends into subcutaneous fat, muscle, or bone and often causes severe scarring; commonly called a third-degree burn
Burn shock
phenomenon consisting of both hypovalemic and cardiovascular component, and cellular component; capillary seal – indicates the end of burn shock
Ebb phase
Immediate: hypovolemia, shock, tissue hypoxia
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased oxygen consumption
Lowered body temperature
Insulin levels decrease because glucagon is elevated
NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERSQuestion 10 out of 1 points A high school football player is hit hard in the helmet, losses consciousness for approximately8 minutes, and when he wakes up he is confused. He is removed from the game and examined by an onsite medical professional who determines the player has suffered a Grade concussion.Selected Answer: B.Grade IICorrect Answer: D. Grade IV•Question 20 out of 1 points A 12 year old boy was walking in the woods and was bitten by a tick. He presents to the pediatrician with complaints of fever, malaise, joint pain, and a rash. The NP suspects Lyme disease and knows that theses symptoms are indicative of localized infection. In this early stage of Lyme disease the rash is known as .Selected Answer: C.Vesicular rashCorrect Answer: B.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Erythema migrans•Question 31 out of 1 points A communicating hydrocephalus is caused by an impairment of the: Selected Answer: B.Cerebrospinal fluid flow into the subarachnoid spaceCorrect Answer: D.Absorption of cerebrospinal fluid•Question 41 out of 1 points A patient scrapes the knee while playing soccer and complains of sharp and well- localized pain. Which of the following should the NP document to most accurately characterize the pain?Selected Answer: A.Somatic painCorrect Answer: A. Somatic pain•Question 51 out of 1 points Which answer indicates that a NP understands regeneration of neurons? Neurons that have the capacity for regeneration include:NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: C.Myelinated peripheral neuronsCorrect Answer: C.Myelinated peripheral neurons•Question 61 out of 1 points In acute hypothermia, what physiological change shunts blood away from the colderskin to the body core in an effort to decrease heat loss?Selected Answer: B.Peripheral vasoconstrictionCorrect Answer: B.Peripheral vasoconstriction•Question 71 out of 1 points A 52 year-old male patient presents with scaly, thick, silvery, and elevated lesions on hiselbow. The skin appears thickened on exam. The NP knows that this disorder is a resultof .Selected Answer: D.Autoimmune T cell mediationNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Correct Answer: D.Autoimmune T cell mediation•Question 81 out of 1 points Afferent neurons are neurons and carry impulses from the to the .Selected Answer: B.Sensory; PNS; CNSCorrect Answer: B.Sensory; PNS; CNS•Question 90 out of 1 points A 40-year-old male complains of uncontrolled excessive movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. He is experiencing movement problems that begin in the face and arms that eventually affect the entire body. The most likely diagnosis is:Selected Answer: A.Tardive dyskinesiaCorrect Answer: B.Huntington diseaseNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 101 out of 1 points A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis fractures her leg at a location of preexisting abnormality. She reports that the fracture occurred following a minor fall. Which of the following best describes the fracture?Selected Answer: C.Pathological fractureCorrect Answer: C.Pathological fracture•Question 111 out of 1 points A 19-year-old female developed a circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink lesion. Two weeks later she developed more lesions over the trunk and upper part of the extremities.The diagnosis is pityriasis rosea, and the NP knows the disorder is normally associated with a:Selected Answer: C.Viral infectionCorrect Answer: C.Viral infection•Question 121 out of 1 pointsNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Hikers are attempting to cross the Arizona desert with a small supply of water. The temperatures cause them to sweat profusely, become dehydrated, with nausea and slight confusion. The hikers are likely experiencingSelected Answer: B.Heat exhaustionCorrect Answer: B.Heat exhaustion•Question 131 out of 1 points The main area where somatic sensory input is received is in the .Selected Answer: B.CerebellumCorrect Answer: D.Parietal Lobe•Question 142 out of 1 points A patient presents to the hospital with history of recent viral infection. He now has a complaint of weakness that started in legs and is moving up his body. The practitioner knows that the pathophysiology of this disorder is:Selected D.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
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Answer: Acquired inflammatory disease with demyelination of the peripheralnervesCorrect Answer: D.Acquired inflammatory disease with demyelination of the peripheralnerves•Question 151 out of 1 points Which term is used to identify the temporary displacement of two bones causing the bone surfaces to partially lose contact?Selected Answer: B.MalunionCorrect Answer: D. Subluxation•Question 162 out of 1 points Upper motor neuron syndromes cause paresis or paralysis.Selected Answer: B.SpasticCorrect Answer: B.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Spastic•Question 171 out of 1 points A 65-year-old patient is admitted to the hospital with a pathologic, compound, transverse fracture of the femur. Which of the following statements best describes this type of fracture?Selected Answer: B.The fracture line is straight across the boneCorrect Answer: B.The fracture line is straight across the bone•Question 181 out of 1 points Dark urine in rhabdomyolysis is the result of the presence of what product in the urine?Selected Answer: C.MyoglobinCorrect Answer: C. Myoglobin•Question 19NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
1 out of 1 points A 70-year-old male presents with back pain, fever, and weight loss. He reports that he had a recent respiratory infection from which he thought he recovered. Tests revealed increased white blood cell count, and a diagnosis of endogenous osteomyelitis was made. The primary organism causing this condition is:Selected Answer: C.MycobacteriumCorrect Answer: A.Staphylococcus aureus•Question 202 out of 1 points A patient is diagnosed with a thrombotic CVA. The provider would explain to the patient that most thrombotic strokes are the result of what?Selected Answer: A.AtherosclerosisCorrect Answer: A. Atherosclerosis•Question 211 out of 1 points A 23-year-old female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). What is occurring in the patient’sNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
body?Selected Answer: B.Demyelination of the nerve fibers in the CNSCorrect Answer: B.Demyelination of the nerve fibers in the CNS•Question 221 out of 1 points Considering the pathophysiologic process of osteoporosis, after being activated by RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand); RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB) activates which of the following?Selected Answer: D.Osteoclast survivalCorrect Answer: D.Osteoclast survival•Question 231 out of 1 points A 9-year-old male presents with severe erythematous bullous lesions that are believed to be an adverse response to a medication. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: D.Steven-Johnson syndromeCorrect Answer: D.Steven-Johnson syndrome•Question 241 out of 1 points A nursing faculty member is describing a type of muscle contraction characterized by the muscle maintaining a constant length as tension is increased. The student knows that the faculty member is describing .Selected Answer: A.Isotonic contractionCorrect Answer: B.Isometric contraction•Question 252 out of 1 points is associated with the clinical development of confusion,forgetfulness, emotional upset. Pathologically there is the development of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and amyloid deposits.Selected Answer: D.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Alzheimer DiseaseCorrect Answer: D.Alzheimer Disease•Question 261 out of 1 points Tumors that arise from chondroblasts are which type of tumor?Selected Answer: B.Cartilage tumorsCorrect Answer: B.Cartilage tumors•Question 271 out of 1 points A 75-year-old male experienced a lacunar stroke. When looking through the history of the patient’s chart, which of the following would the nurse expect to find?Selected Answer: A.An embolusCorrect Answer: B.History of HypertensionNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 282 out of 1 points Lesions that usually have depressed centers with rolled borders and are frequentlylocated on the face and neck characterize which type of skin malignancy?Selected Answer: D.Basal cell carcinomaCorrect Answer: D.Basal cell carcinoma•Question 291 out of 1 points When taking a patient’s temperature, which principle should the NP remember?Regulation of body temperature primarily occurs in theSelected Answer: C.HypothalamusCorrect Answer: C. Hypothalamus•Question 301 out of 1 points The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called:NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: B.Tophaceous goutCorrect Answer: B. Tophaceousgout•Question 311 out of 1 points A neurologist is teaching about the region responsible for motor aspects of speech.Which area is the neurologist discussing?Selected Answer: B.Broca’s areaCorrect Answer: B. Broca’s area•Question 321 out of 1 points A 20-year-old male was at the supermarket when he fell to the ground. Bystanders reported that he lost consciousness and his body tensed up and then relaxed, then tensed and relaxed several times. He most likely was experiencing a(n):Selected Answer: D.Tonic-clonic seizureNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Correct Answer: D.Tonic-clonic seizure•Question 331 out of 1 points A 54-year-old was recently diagnosed with osteoarthritis. This condition is characterized by loss of:Selected Answer: B.Articular cartilageCorrect Answer: B.Articular cartilage•Question 341 out of 1 points Presbyopia is a result of .Selected Answer: A.Increased intraocular pressureCorrect Answer: D.Normal loss of accommodationNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 352 out of 1 points A patient is taking a medication that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following would the NP expect to find while examining the patient?Selected Answer: D.Dilated pupilsCorrect Answer: D.Dilated pupils•Question 361 out of 1 points In pain modulation when a normally nonpainful stimuli induces pain this is known as?Selected Answer: D.Central sensitization or hyperalgesiaCorrect Answer: C.Central sensitization or allodynia•Question 372 out of 1 points An NP assesses a patient with a history of a spinal cord injury, and on exam the NP identifies a pressure wound over the patient’s sacrum with partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis. The NP knows to document in the patient’s chart that the pressureNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
ulcer is a Stage .Selected Answer: B.IICorrect Answer: B.II•Question 380 out of 1 pointsWhen assessing a patient with scleroderma, which changes in the skin will be observed?Selected Answer: A.ErythemaCorrect Answer: D. Hardening•Question 390 out of 1 points Blistering of the skin within minutes occurs in which type of burn injury?NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: A.Partial thicknessCorrect Answer: B.Superficial partial -thickness•Question 400 out of 1 points A 45-year-old male was previously diagnosed with Parkinson disease. He has impaired fine repetitive motor movements. Which of the following areas does the NP suspect is most likely damaged?Selected Answer: A.Prefrontal areaCorrect Answer: D.Basal ganglia•Question 410 out of 1 points The NP notices on exam that a patient’s tongue does not protrude in the midline. The NP knows that this represents a deficit in which cranial nerve?Selected Answer: C.10NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Correct Answer: D.12•Question 421 out of 1 points A 48-year-old female presents to the ER reporting an acute severe headache, nausea, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. What does the NP suspect caused these signs and symptoms?Selected Answer: D.Classic concussionCorrect Answer: A.Subarachnoid hemorrhage•Question 432 out of 1 points Which bone cells function to maintain the bone matrix?Selected Answer: B.OsteocytesCorrect Answer: B. OsteocytesNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 44NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
1 out of 1 points A 34-year-old female was recently diagnosed with RA. Physical examination revealed that inflammation started in the:Selected Answer: B.Articular cartilageCorrect Answer: A.Synovial membrane•Question 452 out of 1 points A 42-year-old female presents with raised red lesions with a brownish scale. She was diagnosed with discoid lupus erythematosus. A clinician recalls this disorder is related to:Selected Answer: C.AutoimmunityCorrect Answer: C. Autoimmunity•Question 461 out of 1 points A 10-year-old male is given penicillin for an infection. He has an allergic reaction, during which he develops urticarial lesions. These lesions are mediated by the release ofNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: B.HistamineCorrect Answer: B. Histamine•Question 471 out of 1 points A student knows that a carbuncle is a(n): Selected Answer: A.Collection of infected hair folliclesCorrect Answer: A.Collection of infected hair follicles•Question 481 out of 1 points A patient with Brown -sequard syndrome will presentwith paralysis/paresis, loss of vibration and position sense,with loss of pain and temperature sensationSelected Answer: A.Ipsilateral, ipsilateral, contralateralCorrect Answer: A.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Ipsilateral, ipsilateral, contralateral•Question 491 out of 1 points Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs in cycles approximately every:Selected Answer: B.90 minutesCorrect Answer: B.90 minutes•Question 501 out of 1 points A 36 year old male patient presents to the office with complaint of visual disturbances,and impaired motor function. The NP suspects Paget’s disease. The NP explains that this disorder is a result of .Selected Answer: A.Vitamin D deficiencyCorrect Answer: C.Excessive bone remodeling•Question 512 out of 1 pointsNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture. She is diagnosed with osteoporosis.One factor that most likely contributed to her condition is:Selected Answer: B.Decreased estrogen levelsCorrect Answer: B.Decreased estrogen levels•Question 521 out of 1 points A 20-year-old male patient presents to his primary care provider complaining of an erythematous, pruritic, rash with vesicular lesions. The provider knows that this is allergic contact dermatitis. This inflammatory skin disorder is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reactionSelected Answer: D.Type IVCorrect Answer: D. Type IV•Question 530 out of 1 points A 23-year-old female is concerned about several pigmented skin lesions on her body.Her primary care provider tells her that these lesions must be monitored because of their ability to transform into malignant melanoma. These lesions are referred to as:NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: A.MaculesCorrect Answer: B.Nevi•Question 541 out of 1 points The NP is assessing the patient with a pen light. The integrity of which cranial nerve is being evaluated?Selected Answer: B.OpticCorrect Answer: C. Oculomotor•Question 552 out of 1 points Which of the following disorders is most likely the result of an amplified paintransmission and interpretation or allodynia?Selected Answer: D.FibromyalgiaCorrect Answer: D.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Fibromyalgia•Question 561 out of 1 points A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting a sports injury.Work up reveals a parial injury to the ligament. The most likely diagnosis is:Selected Answer: B.SprainCorrect Answer: B. Sprain•Question 571 out of 1 points While planning care for a patient with an epidural hematoma, which principle should the NP remember? The main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas is:Selected Answer: A.ArterialCorrect Answer: A. Arterial•Question 58NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
1 out of 1 pointsNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
A patient was involved in a house fire and has burns to 20% of his body. The burn involves the entire dermis, but has spared the dermal appendages. The provider knows that this represents what type of burn?Selected Answer: C.Deep partial thicknessCorrect Answer: C.Deep partial thickness•Question 591 out of 1 points The alteration of which gene is associate with basal cell carcinoma?Selected Answer: D.TP5 3Correct Answer: D.TP5 3•Question 601 out of 1 points A 30y/o patient presents with a history of a fracture in the humerus. The patient is now complaining of swelling, intense pain, his arm turning pale and numbness in the arm.The most likely diagnosis is?NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: D.Compartment syndromeCorrect Answer: D.Compartment syndrome•Question 611 out of 1 points Which person is at greatest risk for developing delirium?Selected Answer: C.An individual on the second day after hip replacementCorrect Answer: C.An individual on the second day after hip replacement•Question 621 out of 1 points When the physical therapist is describing a freely movable joint, which term should beused?Selected Answer: D.DiathrosisCorrect Answer: D. DiathrosisNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 631 out of 1 points A 70-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting loss of vision. He reports that he has HTN and smokes cigarettes. Which of the following disorders is most likely causing his visual loss?Selected Answer: B.Macular degenerationCorrect Answer: B.Macular degeneration•Question 641 out of 1 points Bone is unique in that it does not create scar tissue as it heals, instead new bone in created. Which statement correctly describes a step in this processSelected Answer: D.Callus replacement is performed by osteoblast cellsCorrect Answer: D.Callus replacement is performed by osteoblast cells•Question 651 out of 1 pointsNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then developed ablood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia. Whatdoes the NP suspect the patient is experiencing?Selected Answer: D.Autonomic dysreflexiaCorrect Answer: D.Autonomic dysreflexia•Question 661 out of 1 points A 36-year-old complains of pain and weakness in the elbow. He reports that he is awarehouse worker and lifts boxes daily. MRI reveals inflammation of the extensorcarpi radialis brevis tendon where it attaches to the bone. This condition is called:Selected Answer: D.EpicondylitisCorrect Answer: D. Epicondylitis•Question 671 out of 1 points A 46-year-old male present with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. The symptoms he experienced are causedby the crystallization of within the synovial fluid.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Selected Answer: C.Uric acidCorrect Answer: C. Uric acid•Question 681 out of 1 points A 45-year-old male is diagnosed Lichen planus. The NP knows that this disorder is a result of and results in lesions that are .Selected Answer: A.Autoinflammation; papular and violet-coloredCorrect Answer: A.Autoinflammation; papular and violet-colored•Question 691 out of 1 points A 51-year-old is seen in the ER with a complaint of a unilateral h/a, associated with n/v, and photophobia. The most likely diagnosis is headache.Selected Answer: D.MigraineCorrect Answer: D.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Migraine•Question 701 out of 1 points A 70 year-old female presents with pain over her lateral hip. She has been diagnosed with greater trochanter bursitis. The practitioner knows that this is:SelectedAnswer: C.Inflammation of the ligament as it attaches to the greater trochanter bony prominenceCorrect Answer: A.Inflammation of the of sac lined with synovial membrane whichoverlies a bony prominence•Question 712 out of 1 points The NP knows that thermal, sharp, and localized pain is carried by which primary-order neurons in relation to the neuroanatomy of pain?Selected Answer: B.Myelinated A – delta fibersCorrect Answer: B.Myelinated A – delta fibersNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 72NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
1 out of 1 points Which statement by a patient indicates teaching was successful regarding myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis results from:Selected Answer: B.Atrophy of the motor neurons in the spinal cordCorrect Answer: D.Autoimmune injury at the neuromuscular junction•Question 732 out of 1 points When a patient asks, “What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?” how should the NP reply? The cause of MS seems to be an interaction between:Selected Answer: C.Autoimmunity and genetic susceptibilityCorrect Answer: C.Autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility•Question 741 out of 1 points Most dysphasias are associated with a CVA involving which cerebral artery?Selected Answer: D.NURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
Middle cerebralCorrect Answer: D.Middle cerebral•Question 750 out of 1 points A neuro intensivist states that the patient has vasogenic edema. The NP realizesvasogenic edema is clinically important because:Selected Answer: B.Intracranial pressure (ICP) is excessively highCorrect Answer: D.The blood-brain barrier is disrupted•Question 761 out of 1 points The provider knows that many proprioceptive alterations are related to disturbances .Selected Answer: A.In the cerebellumCorrect Answer: C.In the inner or middle earNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS
•Question 772 out of 1 points A 21-year-old female presents with low back pain and stiffness that is alleviated by physical activity. She was diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The first joint to be affected would be the:Selected Answer: A.SacroiliacCorrect Answer: A. Sacroiliac•Question 781 out of 1 points A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities.The symptoms lasted 20 minutes and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n):Selected Answer: C.Transient ischemic attackCorrect Answer: C.Transient ischemic attackWednesday, December 12, 2018 11:35:42 PM ESTNURS 8022 FINAL EXAM – QUESTION ANDANSWERS