Huether and McCances Understanding Pathophysiology 2nd CANADIAN Edition PoChapter 01: Cellular Biology
Power-Kean et al: Huether and McCance’s Understanding Pathophysiology, Second CanadianMULTIPLE CHOICE
- A student is observing a cell under the microscope. The student notices it to have supercoiled DNA withe student be expected to observe?
a. A single circular chromosome
b. A nucleus
c. Free-floating nuclear material
d. No organelles
ANS: B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nucleus; thuobserved. A prokaryotic cell contains a single circular chromosome and lacks organelles.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Nucleus TOP: Physiological Integrity - A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse describingabsorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
a. Metabolic absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D
The cell’s ability to produce energy is respiration. Communication involves maintenance of a steady dymetabolic absorption provides cellular nutrition, and secretion allows for the delivery or release of newDIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Cellular Functions
TOP: Physiological Integrity - A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetica. Peroxisomes
b. Ribosomes
c. The nucleolus
d. Suspended in nucleoplasm
ANS: D
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, is the nucleoplasm contained within the nucleus. Twithin the nucleus, is largely composed of ribosomes. Peroxisomes contain digestive enzymes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Nucleus TOP: Physiological Integrity - Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the layer itself?a. Peripheral membrane proteins
b. Integral membrane proteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell adhesion molecules
ANS: B
Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integral membranebilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the surface while cell adhesion molecules are on the ouGlycoproteins act as cell identifiers.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Membrane Composition
TOP: Physiological Integrity
5Whichofthefollowingcanbindtoplasmamembranereceptors? - What type of connection allows for cellular communication?
a. Belt desmosome
b. Gap junction
c. Spot desmosome
d. Tight junction
ANS: B
Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight junctioncommunication.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Specialized Cells Junction
TOP: Physiological Integrity - Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighbouring alpha cellof which of the following signalling types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: A
Paracrine signalling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroycase of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of glucagon. None of the other options involve signallocal chemical mediator like insulin.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
TOP: Physiological Integrity - In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a:
a. solute.
b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of the reacnot dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and any of the remaining options.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Cellular Metabolism
TOP: Physiological Integrity - An athlete runs a marathon, after which their muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that the problem is result of a deficiency ofa. GTP
b. AMP
c. ATP
d. GMP
ANS: C
When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options are involved in DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Role of Adenosine Triphosphate
TOP: Physiological Integrity - Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric acid cycle
ANS: D
WhilesomeATDNEpUTHQoQUJMHLrErGJyHg89uy71MyuHlycolysisphasesmostoftheATPisgenerated - A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitatmuscle performance?
a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: C
When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part of the cglycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is the mechanism by which thecarbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Oxidative Phosphorylation
TOP: Physiological Integrity - A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from anconcentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
ANS: B
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an areaconcentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeaof higher water concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid aactive transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand
REF: Passive Transport: Diffusion, Filtration, and Osmosis TOP: Physiological Integrity - Which description accurately describes electrolytes?
a. Small lipid-soluble molecules
b. Large protein molecules
c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP
d. Electrically charged molecules
ANS: D
Electrolytes are electrically charged molecules. They are not lipid soluble, they are not made up of prorole in ATP production.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Electrolytes as Solutes
TOP: Physiological Integrity - A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (cdetermined by:
a. diffusion rate.
b. plasma proteins.
c. hydrostatic pressure.
d. the availability of membrane transporter proteins.
ANS: B
Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. Diffusion involves the movHydrostatic pressure is the force within a vessel moving in opposition to oncotic pressure. Membrane tinvolved in active transport within a concentration gradient.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand
REF: Passive Transport: Diffusion, Filtration, and Osmosis TOP: Physiological Integrity - A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:
a. osmolality. - A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the intcapillary. What mechanical force is involved with this movement?
a. Hydrostatic pressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport
ANS: A
Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25–30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force capillary membranes into the interstitial space. Osmosis involves the movement of fluid from an area oarea of lower concentration. It does not involve pressure or force. Diffusion is the passive movement ohigher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. Active transport involves movemegradient.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember
REF: Passive Transport: Diffusion, Filtration, and Osmosis TOP: Physiological Integrity - How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
a. By passive electrolyte channels
b. By coupled channels
c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
d. By diffusion
ANS: C
The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via active transporequire energy and do not move passively, nor are they transported by diffusion. Enzymes, not electrolchannels.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
TOP: Physiological Integrity - The ion transporter that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of whtransport?
a. Biport
b. Uniport
c. Antiport
d. Symport
ANS: D
When ions are transported in one direction, it is termed symport. There is no such term as biport. Unipa single molecule. Antiport refers to the movement of molecules in the opposite direction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
TOP: Physiological Integrity - During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion?
a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis
ANS: C
Phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through the formatEndocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a typfluids and solute molecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles. Exocytosis occurs whinternalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
TOP: Physiological Integrity - Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. W