NUR 265 Exam 1: Questions & Answers
What is nephrotic syndrome?
(Ans- A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger
molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be
excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?
(Ans-
–Massive proteinuria
–Hypoalbuminemia
–Edema (facial and periorbital)
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than
what?
(Ans- 3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?
(Ans-
-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the “risk” stage for AKI
(Ans- creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the “injury” stage for AKI
(Ans- creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the “failure” stage for AKI
(Ans- creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.
(Ans- Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.
(Ans- Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.
(Ans- Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
(Ans- Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
(Ans- 65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?
(Ans-
-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
(Ans- Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input