TExES Core Subjects EC-6 (291)
Questions and Answers Graded A+
phonemic awareness development ✔✔Awareness of sounds in a language
Awareness of rhymes
Awareness that sentences can be broken down into words, syllables, and sounds
Ability to talk about, reflect upon, and manipulate sounds
Understanding the relationship between written and spoken language
Rhyming, segmenting sentences into words, blending syllables into words, delete/substitute
syllables/sounds from words
phonemes ✔✔the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from
another word.
single unit of sound
Vowel-consonant patterns ✔✔In a cvc pattern, the vowel is often a short vowel sound. In a
CVCe word, the vowel is followed by a consonant and then the letter e. The e is usually silent
and the vowel before the e is usually long. In a CVVC word, two vowels appear between two
consonants.
reading comprehension:
A. Literal
B. Inferential
C. Evaluative ✔✔Literal – Readers identify and/or recall relevant information explicitly stated in
the reading selection by
- identifying the order of events or a specific event from a sequence of events.
-identifying details such as key words, phrases or sentences that explicitly state important
characteristics, circumstances, or similarities and differences in characters, times or places.
Inferential – Readers use information explicitly stated in the passage to determine what is not
stated. Readers derive meaning by
-identifying implicit relationships (relationships not directly stated) such as cause and effect,
sequence-time relationships, comparisons, classifications and generalizations.
-predicting probable future outcomes or actions.
Evaluative – In evaluative comprehension readers analyze and make judgments about what they
read. At this level, readers use evidence from the text to reach conclusions and make
generalizations about the text and its wider implications by
-drawing conclusions about the characteristics, values, and habits of human beings.
-drawing conclusions about the author’s motivation or purpose for writing a passage or story
based on evidence in the selection.
Spelling Development: PRECOMMUNICATIVE SPELLING ✔✔”babbling” stage of spelling.
Children use letters for writing words but the letters are strung together randomly. The letters in
precommunicative spelling do not correspond to sounds. Examples: OPSPS = eagle; RTAT =
eighty.
SEMIPHONETIC SPELLERS ✔✔know that letters represent sounds.They perceive and
represent reliable sounds with letters in a type of telegraphic writing. Spellings are often
abbreviated representing initial and / or final sound. Examples: E = eagle; a = eighty.
PHONETIC SPELLERS ✔✔spell words like they sound.The speller perceives and represents all
of the phonemes in a word, though spellings may be unconventional. Examples: EGL = eagle;
ATE = eighty.
TRANSITIONAL SPELLERS ✔✔think about how words appearr visually;a visual memory of
spelling patterns is apparent. Spellings exhibit conventions of English orthography like vowels in
every syllable, e-marker and vowel digraph patterns, correctly spelled inflectional endings, and
frequent English letter sequences. Examples: EGIL = eagle; EIGHTEE = eighty.
CONVENTIONAL SPELLERS ✔✔develop over years of word study and writing. Correct
spelling can be categorized by instruction levels. For example, correct spelling for a corpus. . .
words that can be spelled by the average fourth grader would be fourth grade level correct
spelling. Place the word in this category if it is listed correctly.
Expository essay ✔✔genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate
evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and
concise manner.
present a fair and balanced analysis of a subject based on facts—with no references to the
writer’s opinions or emotions.
TExES History 7-12 Latest 2023 with
Certified Solutions
1529 ✔✔Spanish explorer Alonso Alvarez de Pineda maps Texas Coast
1528-34 ✔✔Alvar Nunez Cabez de Vaca explores Texas for trade
1685 ✔✔LaSalle established Ft. St. Louis @ Matagorda Bay, providing the basis of French
claim to Texas territory
1688 ✔✔The French colony is massacred
1689 ✔✔The French continue to claim Texas but no longer physically occupies any part of the
territory
1690 ✔✔Alonso de Leon established Catholic missions throughout Texas
1762 ✔✔The French give up their claims to Texas and cede Louisiana to Spain until 1800
1800 ✔✔Much of north Texas is returned to France and later sold to the U.S. in the Louisiana
Purchase
1823 ✔✔Stephen F. Austin begins a colony known as the Old Three Hundred along the Brazos
River
1832 ✔✔Battle of Velasco-first casualties of Texas Revolution
1832-33 ✔✔”The Conventions” responded to unrest over the Policies of the Mexican
government
1835 ✔✔The Texas Revolution officially began in an effort to obtain freedom from Mexico
1836 ✔✔The “Convention of 1836” signed the Texas Declaration of Independence. The Battle
of the Alamo. Santa Anna executed nearly 400 Texans @ the Massacre @ Goliad. Sam Houston
leads an army of 800 to victory by capturing the entire Mexican army @ the Battle of San
Jacinto. The Treaty of Velasco is signed by Santa Anna and Republic of Texas officials
1837 ✔✔Sam Houston moves the capital of Texas five times ending in Houston
1839 ✔✔Austin becomes the capital of the Republic of Texas
1842 ✔✔Mexican forces twice capture San Antonio and retreat
1845 ✔✔Texas admitted to the Union as a state
1850 ✔✔The Compromise of 1850 adjusts the state boundary assumes Texas’ debt
1861 ✔✔Texas secedes from the Union and joins the Confederacy
1865 ✔✔Union troops landed in Galveston and put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect in
Texas ending slavery
1870 ✔✔Texas is readmitted to the Union
1900 ✔✔Galveston is destroyed and 8000 people are killed by a category 4 hurricane
TExES Art EC-12 Latest Update
Graded A+
Intensity ✔✔degrees of shading between black and white (expressive drawing effect)
Cloisonne ✔✔enameling technique where thin wire partitions (cloisons) are filled with enamel
(art form from ancient Byzantium)
Chiaroscuro ✔✔using light (chiaro) and dark, or shade (use of shading)
Hue ✔✔dimension of color determined by wavelength of light (one of the main properties of
color)
Veduta ✔✔Italian for “view” (landscape painting popular in 18th century Venice)
Volute ✔✔architectural element on an ionic capital (partially unrolled scroll)
Value ✔✔darkness or lightness of a color (amt of light reflected by a hue)
Tempura ✔✔painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk
Monet ✔✔French impressionist painter (1840-1926); Impressionism
Cezanne ✔✔French post-impressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism)
by stressing the structural components in nature (said “everything in nature adheres to the cone,
cylinder, and the curve”)
Picasso ✔✔prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973); Cubism
Piments ✔✔gives color/texture to paint
Gold Leaf ✔✔paper-thin sheets of hammered gold that are used in gilding (such as Byzantine
icons)
Casein Paints ✔✔Milk based paint (gets rancid); cheap (mostly used in theater)
Synthetic Resin Paints ✔✔chemically different from resinous compounds secreted by plants;
a”newer” painting medium (liquids harden permanently)
Vegetable Dyes ✔✔colorants derived from plants/fungi
Natural Dyes ✔✔dyes/colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals
Impressionism ✔✔-movement in 19th century French painting, in which artists reacted against
Realism by conveying impressions of subjects in time; sought to capture a momentary feel, or
impression, of the piece they were drawing
Futurism ✔✔-artistic movement in Italy around 1910 tried to express energy and values of
machine age;
-Italian movement begun shortly before and during WWI; depicted dynamic movement and
stressed violence & speed of Machine Age; They advocated revolution and glorified war.(Balla,
Severini, Boccioni)
TExES Physical Education EC-12 158
(2022/2023) Already Passed
Stages of Motor Learning
Stage 1 ✔✔Children progress from simple reflexes to basic movements such as sitting, crawling,
creeping, standing, and walking.
Stages of Motor Learning
Stage 2 ✔✔Children learn more complex motor patterns including running, climbing, jumping,
balancing, catching, and throwing.
Stages of Motor Learning
Stage 3 ✔✔During late childhood, children learn more specific movement skills. In addition, the
basic motor patterns learned in Stage 2 become more fluid and automatic.
Stages of Motor Learning
Stage 4 ✔✔During adolescence, children continue to develop general and specific motor skills
and master specialized movements. At this point, factors including practice, motivation, and
talent begin to affect the level of further development.
Practice ✔✔Frequent, structured practice of motor skills enhances skill development in children.
Positive Feedback ✔✔When a skill is learned it goes into short term memory and receives
positive feedback. The skill may eventually go into their long-term memory, creating memory
that is more permanent. Encourage the performer and helps in making the performer remember
every aspect of the performance.
Intrinsic Feedback ✔✔Information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a
movement through the kinesthetic senses- e.g. feeling from muscles, joints, and balance.
Extrinsic Feedback ✔✔Information not inherent in the movement itself but which improves
intrinsic feedback (this is also known as augmented feedback).
_ feedback enables the athlete to establish a kinesthetic reference for the correct movement.
✔✔Extrinsic
Self-Assessment ✔✔Powerful tool in motor skill development. Requires students to assess their
own skills and abilities encourages students to reflect upon their current skill level and take
control of the development process.
Many physical education instructors believe that _ learning is the most effective method of learning motor skills. ✔✔Observational Learning _ observation of proper skill performance by an instructor or peer is generally more
effective in promoting skill development than verbal instructions. ✔✔Visual
Perceptual- motor development ✔✔One’s ability to receive, interpret, and respond successfully
to sensory signals coming from the environment.
Adolescents with _ motor coordination problems are at risk for poor school performance,
low self-esteem, and inadequate physical activity participation. ✔✔Perceptual
Body Awareness ✔✔Is a person’s understanding of his or her own body parts and their capability
of movement.
Spacial Awareness ✔✔Is the ability to make decisions about an object’s positional changes in
space. (awareness of three-dimensional space position changes)
TExES English, Language Arts, and
Reading 7-12 231 Latest Update
Graded A+
You and I/Me ✔✔”Between You and I” is wrong, “You and I were meant to fly” is correct
Less and Fewer ✔✔Fewer is used when you can count the objects, less is used when you can’t
Who and Whom ✔✔Whom is an objective pronoun (An objective pronoun acts as the object of a
sentence—it receives the action of the verb. The objective pronouns are her, him, it, me, them,
us, and you); it should be used to refer to the object of a sentence. If you’re stuck, you can try this
formula: if the pronoun can be replaced by he or she, then use who. if the pronoun can be
replaced by him or her, then use whom (you can also look for the preposition).
That and Which ✔✔That uses a restrictive clause “gems that sparkle” or “dogs that bark scare
me” while Which uses a nonrestrictive clause “diamonds, which are expensive, often elicit
forgiveness” or “dogs, which make great pets, can be expensive”.
Not Only and But Also ✔✔When not only is followed by but also (or simply but), it’s considered
good form to make sure the parts that follow each set of words are formatted the same way – and
you also need to put words like “know” before “not only”.
idiom ✔✔a word or expression that cannot be translated word for word in another language,
such as “I am running low on gas” and is associated with a particular ethnic, age, socioeconomic,
or professional group
imply ✔✔to hint at something
infer ✔✔to make an educated guess
First, Second, and Third Person ✔✔First: I, We, Me, Us, Ours
Second: You, Yours
Third: He, She, Its
Diction ✔✔refers to the author’s choice of words, expressions, and style to convey his or her
meaning
also means the right word in the right spot for the right purpose
Discourse ✔✔1)Argument/Persuasion
2)Narrative
3)Exposition- explaining information
4)Description
Heroic Couplet ✔✔AABB and known for them are Chaucer, Ben Johnson, Dryden, and
especially Alexander Pope
Parable ✔✔a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the
Gospels
In medias res ✔✔the literary and artistic narrative technique of relating a story from the
midpoint, rather than the beginning
Formative Assessment/Evaluation ✔✔programs or projects are typically assessed during their
development or early implementation to provide information about how best to revise and
modify for improvement, students need numerous experiences of evaluation through the entire
project/work
TEXES 7-12 Social Studies Content
Exam (232) Latest 2023 Rated A+
Quantitative Analysis ✔✔this is the study of society using numbers and statistics.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ✔✔Pease treaty between the US and Mexico. The treaty called for
the US to pay $15 million dollars, set the border at the Rio Grande and gave the US ownership of
California, parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming and Colorado. Over 90% of
people in those areas chose to become US citizens.
Theory of Relativity ✔✔Einstein
Cordova Rebellion ✔✔an uprising around Nacogdoches when Cordova and other leaders sought
to oppose the new Texas Republic.
Santa Fe Expedition ✔✔This was a commercial and military expedition to secure parts of
Northern New Mexico for Texas. It was initiated by Lamar in order to gain control over the
Santa Fe Trail.
Camp David Accords ✔✔Signed by the Egyptian President, Anwar El Sadat and the Israeli
Prime Minister. Jimmy Carter was a witness. This lead to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. (1978)
Magna Carta and The Constitution ✔✔both of these documents state that all men should be
allowed due process
How can Congress help a recession? ✔✔cut taxes on individuals, businesses and
corporations
Shay’s Rebellion ✔✔an armed uprising in Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787. Daniel Shay’s
led a rebellion against economic and civil injustices. These events shaped the Constitution and
lead George Washington to be president. *Farmers protested high taxes and heavy debt.
ancient greek slaves ✔✔prisoners of war
Battle of San Jacinto ✔✔Surprise attack on the Mexican Army by Sam Houston’s Texas militia.
The Texans had more artillery during this battle which ended the Texas Revolution. Texas
captured or killed the entire Mexican army and Santa Anna in 18 minutes.
Four pillars of Reaganomics ✔✔reduce the growth of government spending, reduce federal
income tax and capital gains, reduce government regulation and tighten the money supply to
reduce inflation.
The Feminine Mystique ✔✔a book by Betty Friedman which discussed the lives of
unhappy housewives in America.
Progressive Era amendments ✔✔16th (federal government can collect income tax) 17th
(direct election of Senators) 18th (prohibition began) 19th (women’s right to vote)
North’s strengths ✔✔larger population, industrial advantage, imported gun powder, and
controlled the navy & seas
South’s strengths ✔✔could produce food, trained officers, fought in it’s territory *most wars
were fought in the Gulf Coast Region, had better skilled military leaders, were defending their
homes
Comanche ✔✔The most skilled tribe in horse breeding and training
Comanche, Apache and Kiowa ✔✔all 3 of these native American tribes lived on the plains
Karankawas ✔✔lived between Galveston and Corpus Christi. These native Americans practiced
ceremonial cannibalism where they would consume parts of the conquered enemies.
What did the ancient Mayans worship? ✔✔Nature. Sun God, Maize God and Rain God
The constitution of 1824 ✔✔established a republican government in Mexico but failed to
mention states rights
Treaty of Velasco ✔✔This treaty ended the war between Texas and Mexico on May 14, 1836
and set the boundary at Rio Grande. Santa Ana agreed to withdraw his troops from Texas but the
Mexican government refused to recognize Texas as independent.
Sweatt vs. Painter ✔✔ended segregation at UT and was a precedent to Brown vs. Board
Cabeza de la Vava ✔✔Spanish explorer who shipwrecked and explored most of the region that
would eventually be Texas.
TExES 113 Questions and Answers
100% Pass
Ms. Woods teaches social studies to a diverse group of students, including several ELLs. She
divides the class into groups of four to five students. Each student reads and presents the
information in a different excerpt from the textbook to the other group members. Which is the
primary rationale for using this activity?
A. Discussing expository selections improves ELL’s navigation of nonfiction text structures.
B. Using prior knowledge helps ELLs make connections to unfamiliar vocab.
C. Providing meaningful context increases ELLs’ comprehension of academic language.
D. Requiring the use of multiple registers develops ELLs’ application of the appropriate register
choice. ✔✔C. because structured small group conversations allow students to practice using new
vocabulary through engaging in authentic interactions with other students.
Which of the following words has five phonemes?
A. Apple
B. Stand
C. Break
D. Crash ✔✔B. because “stand” has five phonemes s/t/a/n/d.
Which of the following would best help a teacher evaluate the phonics skills of beginning
readers?
A. Examining students’ handwriting
B. Assessing students’ sight word recall
C. Timing students as they read orally
D. Analyzing students’ attempted spellings ✔✔D. because students’ attempted spellings give the
teacher an idea of how they view words phonetically.
To motivate middle school students in language arts, a teacher implements learning clubs in the
classroom. Students have a class meeting on an assigned topic. They then work in groups to
research the topic and reflect on the information they learn. Finally, they add what they have
learned to a blog. The design of the learning clubs best shows that the teacher understands the
importance of which of the following?
A. Placing students in groups based on their individual language-arts abilities
B. Allowing students to research topics that are of personal interest to them
C. Developing students’ literacy skills through multiple language-arts contexts
D. Providing students with explicit ✔✔Option C is correct because learning clubs allow students
to meet in groups to discuss, reflect on and write about research topics, which all help to develop
students’ literacy skills.
A teacher provides students with a list of prefixes and suffixes and their meanings along with a
list of five words, including “predetermined” and “indivisible.” The teacher then asks the
students to work with partners to use the two lists to try to discover the meaning of the words
without using a dictionary. The activity will primarily help students determine the meanings of
words through which of the following?
A. Contextual clues
B. Structural analysis
C. Visualization strategies
D. Syntactical clues ✔✔Option B is correct because students are using prefixes and suffixes,
which are structural clues, to determine the meaning of the words
A teacher meets with a small group of students to read a new book. Throughout the week, the
teacher encourages the students to reread the book several times. Which of the following is a
primary purpose of this practice?
A. Instilling a life-long love of reading
B. Reinforcing the skill of letter-sound correspondence
C. Developing critical-thinking skills about story elements
D. Promoting recognition of high-frequency words ✔✔Option D is correct because repetition is
a successful strategy for improving sight word recognition.
ESL TEXES Supplemental Latest 2023
Already Passed
Acculturation ✔✔The process of adapting to a new culture.
The process of acculturation occurs through several strategies including the following:
✔✔assimilation & marginalization
Assimilation ✔✔The members of a group are absorbed into a culture and lose characteristics of
the first culture. The group is willing or forced to accept the surface and deep culture of the new
culture and give up original culture.
Marginalization ✔✔Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society. These groups
include poor, uneducated, undesirable color and language. These groups will stay on the margin
of acceptance by society unless there is social intervention.
Adaptation ✔✔Finding ways to adapt to and become part of the new culture while maintaining
important values and customs of the original culture.
Affective Filter ✔✔The psychological barrier that allows input to be filtered through to a
language processing mechanism. A low filter has little anxiety increasing comprehension and
attention.
Assimilation ✔✔Deciding to become like members of the new culture, to accept their surface
and deep culture, and giving up the original culture.
Bilingual Education ✔✔An educational program in which two languages are used during
instruction in order to 1) continue primary language development, 2) provide instruction in
content in both L1 and L2, and 3) English acquisition.
BICS ✔✔(Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills: Skills necessary
for functioning in every day life, face-to face interactions. These skills usually take about two
years to develop in most second language learners.
Brain Laterization ✔✔Refers to functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain which
affects language acquisition.
CALP ✔✔(Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency: The aspects of
language linked to literacy and academic achievement. These skills usually take five to seven
years to fully develop in Second language learners.
Chompsky, Noam ✔✔Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, MIT. He is credited with the creation of
the Theory of Generative Grammar. His naturalistic approach to the study of language affected
the philosophy of language and mind through his theory of the Language Acquistion Device. His
work influenced the works of Krashen and Terrell among others.
Cognates ✔✔Words which have a common origin. There are 3 distinct levels. They are: True
Cognate- Partial Cognate- False Cognate
True Cognate ✔✔The word is spelled the same, meaning the same, but pronunciation will be
different according to language structure of the words such as an accent mark. Example: Englishrodeo Spanish- rodeo
Partial Cognate ✔✔The word in other languages has the same origin but the spelling will differ.
The meaning will be the same but the pronunciation due to the language structure will be
different. Example: english- fragrance spanish- frangancia english- apple german apfel
False Cognate ✔✔The word in another language may have the same origin but will have
different spelling and different meaning. Pronunciation will be different. Example: English- extto go out, leave Spanish- exito- success English- embarrassed- uncomfortable Spanish
embarazada- pregnant
Cognitive Strategies ✔✔Learning strategies that are taught to promote independent learning and
higher order thinking skills.
Comprehensible Input ✔✔Language that is understood by the learner. Focuses on meaning first
and uses simplified speech.
Connotation ✔✔The implying or suggesting of an additional meaning for a word or phrase apart
from the explicit meaning.
Culture ✔✔is shared beliefs, values , and rule governed by patterns of behavior that define a
group. (Peregoy & Boyle, 2001) It includes what people know and believe, what people do, and
what people make and use.
Surface Culture ✔✔Part of culture that can be seen: Language, clothing, food, customs, and art.
TExES English 7-12 231 Latest Update
with Certified Solutions
Epic ✔✔A long poem reflecting the values of a society. Usually contains a protagonist, the lead
character, and an antagonist, a character who opposes or competes with the protagonist who may
possess supernatural powers.
Protagonist ✔✔The lead character in literary work
Fable ✔✔A tale in which animals take on human characteristics; usually written to provide a
moral lesson (didactic) or to illustrate man’s shortcomings.
Farce ✔✔A light dramatic composition that uses highly improbable situations, stereotyped
characters, exaggerations, and violence. It is generally regarded as inferior to comedy because of
its crude characterizations.
Legend ✔✔A story of traditional, enduring quality from earlier times.
Myth ✔✔Related the deeds of extraordinary beings and speak to a common truth about life.
Alliteration ✔✔The repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more words in a line of
writing; often used for poetic effect. Based on sound, not spelling.
Allusion ✔✔Reference to a well-known person, place, object, event or literary work or work of
art. The use of allusion implies shared literary and cultural experiences between author and
reader.
Anachronism ✔✔Placing an event, person or object out of its proper chronological place.
Analogy ✔✔An inference that two dissimilar things share common traits.
Antagonist ✔✔A character or force in conflict with the main (protagonist) character.
Antithesis ✔✔A figure of speech in which a thought is balanced with a contrasting thought in
parallel arrangements of words and phrases.
Apostrophe ✔✔When a character turns away from the audience and directly addresses an absent
person or a personified quality. Allows the character the opportunity to think aloud.
Aside ✔✔Lines spoken directly to the audience by an actor
Assonance ✔✔The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.
Catharsis ✔✔The reader or audience feels compassion with the protagonist and experiences a
sense of relief when watching a protagonist overcome great odds.
Character ✔✔A person in a story, poem or play. Even if the character is an animal or a god, the
character will have human characteristics.
Static character ✔✔A character who does not change during the course of the story
Dynamic character ✔✔A character that changes in some way during the story
Flat character ✔✔A character who exhibit few personality traits in a literary work
Round character ✔✔A complex character in a literary work
Climax ✔✔The moment of the greatest emotional tension or suspense in a story or novel
Connotation ✔✔A hidden meaning of a word usually determined by the context in which the
word is used. Words may be negative or positive.
Consonance ✔✔An example of near rhyme – the repetition of terminal consonant sounds; often
used by poets to create rhyme.
Denouement ✔✔A french term that literally “untying the knot” used to describe the moment of
climax resolution a story
Denotation ✔✔The literal dictionary meaning(s) of a word
Eulogy ✔✔A speech or writing to praise or honor someone, most commonly spoken at a funeral
Euphemism ✔✔A device where a direct, unpleasant expression is replaced by an indirect,
pleasant phrase.
TEXES Exam Music EC-12 Latest 2023
Rated A+
pitch ✔✔the specific frequency or tuning of a tone – the highness or lowness of a sound
frequency ✔✔a measurement of how fast air molecules are vibrating
solfeggio ✔✔a method of naming musical tones using a set of symbols
ledger lines ✔✔the lines you add above or below a staff
clef ✔✔a graphical symbol placed at the beginning of a staff or piece of music that establishes
the pitch of a specific line or space on the staff
the grand staff ✔✔links together the treble clef and the bass clef
interval ✔✔the space between two pitches
enharmonic notes ✔✔two notes that sound the same but can be spelled differently
accidental ✔✔any modification to a natural note…sharps and flats
root ✔✔the lowest note of an interval, chord, or scale
major interval ✔✔that natural state of an interval
minor interval ✔✔when you flatten a note
perfect interval ✔✔intervals that do not have separate major or minor states. fourths, fifths and
octaves – they sound closely related because their frequencies are closely related
augmented interval ✔✔when you raise a perfect interval a half step
diminished interval ✔✔when you lower a perfect interval a half step
harmonic interval ✔✔when notes are performed at the same time
melodic interval ✔✔when notes are played successively
simple interval ✔✔interval smaller than an octave
compound interval ✔✔interval larger than an octave
dissonant ✔✔a sound that is displeasing to the ear
consonant ✔✔a sound that is pleasing to the ear
major scale ✔✔an arrangement of whole and half notes
parallel minor scale ✔✔a scale that begins on the same note as it’s sister major scale but lowers
scale degree 3,6 and 7
harmonic minor scale ✔✔a scale that lowers only 3 and 6 of it’s parallel major
EC-6 Core Subjects, TExES Core
Subjects EC-6 (291) Latest 2023
Graded A+
phoneme ✔✔in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme ✔✔in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a
word (such as a prefix)
ex: mega, metro, chromo, phobia, hydro
grapheme ✔✔a letter that represents a phoneme.
onset-rime ✔✔The onset is the part of the word before the vowel; not all words have onsets. The
rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows it.
French and Indian War ✔✔(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the
French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.
American Revolution ✔✔This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence
in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the
people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
13th Amendment ✔✔freed slaves
14th Amendment ✔✔made black people citizens
15th Amendment ✔✔black males were allowed to vote
atom ✔✔Basic unit of matter
Smallest particle of an element,
protons ✔✔Positively charged particles
electrons ✔✔Negatively charged particles
neutrons ✔✔no charge
the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
Second Continental Congress ✔✔Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic
move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the
Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the
Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the
petition.
democracy ✔✔A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a
state, typically through elected representatives
monoarchy ✔✔Ruled by a king or queen
theocracy ✔✔A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.
oligarchy ✔✔A government ruled by a few powerful people
semantics ✔✔The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and
psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.
syntax ✔✔The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Language Aquisition ✔✔The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and
comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
Noam Chomsky ✔✔Created concept of “universal grammar”; pointed out how children
“overgeneralize” language rules and the concepts of “deep v. surface” structures in language
imitation ✔✔a copy that is represented as the original
phonology ✔✔The study of the patterns and distributions of speech sounds in a language and the
tacit rules for their pronunciation.
morphology ✔✔Structure of words
lexicon ✔✔the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge
TExES Special Ed 161 (2022/2023)
(Already Passed)
Section 504, Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ✔✔Expands older laws by extending protection to other
areas at receive federal assistance such as education
Three requirements of Section 504 ✔✔Protected individuals must have: 1. Physical or mental
impairment that limits 1 or more major life activity
- record of such an impairment
- regarded as having an impairment
PL94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act ✔✔1975–Education is to be provided
for all children who meet eligibility.All children are assumed capable of benefiting from
education which includes basic self help, vocational, and academics.
PL99-457 ✔✔1986-Beginning in 1991, special education programs were required for children 3
to 5 with a IFSP.
IFSP ✔✔Individual Family Service Plan, replaces, or in addition to IEP with entire family’s
needs addressed and reviewed every 6 months.
IDEA, PL101-476 principles ✔✔1990The principles of IDEA, incorporate the concept of
“normalization.” Within this concept, persons with disabilities were allowed access to everyday
patterns and conditions as close to possible or equal to non-disabled peers.
7 Fundamentals of IDEA ✔✔1. FAPE, 2. Notification and Procedural Rights for Parents 3.
Identification and Services for all children 4. Necessary Related services 5. Individualized
assessment 6. IEP 7. LRE
FAPE ✔✔Special Education Services are to be provided at no cost to students and their parents.
The federal and state government will share in any additional costs. Also requires that education
be appropriate to the individual needs of the students.
Notification and Procedural Rights for Parents ✔✔1. Rights to examine records and obtain
independent evaluations 2. Right to receive notice that states results.
Due Process ✔✔Parents who disagree with the school’s decision about placement or continuation
of special services. May be followed with a judicial hearing
TExES ELAR 7-12 Latest 2023 with
Verified Answers
Exposition ✔✔portion of a story that introduces important background information to the
audience; for example, information about the setting, events occurring before the main plot,
characters’ back stories, etc.
Hyperbole ✔✔A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal
Greek meaning is “overshoot.”)
Irony/ironic ✔✔The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the
difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.
Metaphor ✔✔A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the
substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes
writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.
Mood ✔✔The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can
affect this.
Personification ✔✔A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts,
animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. it is used to
make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.
Symbol/symbolism ✔✔Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.
Usually a symbol is something concrete — such as an object, action, character, or scene – that
represents something more abstract.
Theme ✔✔The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.
Tone ✔✔describes the author’s attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. it is easier to
determine in spoken language than in written language.
Foreshadowing ✔✔A literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come
later in the story.
Situational Irony ✔✔when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the
characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen
Dramatic Irony ✔✔when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction
but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.
Verbal irony ✔✔a statement in which the meaning that a speaker employs is sharply different
from the meaning that is ostensibly expressed.
setting ✔✔the location and time frame in which the action of a narrative takes place.
climax ✔✔the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex.
rising action ✔✔a series of related incidents build toward the point of greatest interest.
external conflict ✔✔A struggle between a character and an outside force
resolution ✔✔the action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter.
third person limited ✔✔the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character. All
characters are described using pronouns such as ‘they’, ‘he’, and ‘she.’
first person POV ✔✔a point of view (who is telling a story) where the story is narrated by one
character at a time.
internal conflict ✔✔psychological struggle within the mind of a literary or dramatic character
third person omnisient ✔✔the narrator knows all the thoughts and feelings of all the characters
in the story.
allusion ✔✔reference to, mention of, suggestion of, hint to, intimation of, comment on, remark
on
Allegory ✔✔Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written
in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main
purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of
symbols, which have both literal and figurative meanings.
Alliteration ✔✔Alliteration is the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of two or
more words in close succession. For example: Cloudless climes.
TEXES History 233 Latest Updated 2023
with Certified Solutions
Battle of Gonzales ✔✔First battle of the Texas Revolution; 10-2-1835
Battle at San Jacinto ✔✔Last battle of Texas Revolution, won by the Texans; 4-21-18368
Stephen F Austin ✔✔Established the first Anglo-American colony in Texas; believed issues
could be solved within the Mexican Structure; Secretary of State of Texas
1830 Law ✔✔Mexican official made it illegal for any more Americans to move into Texas
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ✔✔After attempting to go back to Cuba, he would land in
Galveston, Texas and live in East Texas.
José De Escandón ✔✔First governor of Nuevo Santander and is known as the “Father of the Rio
Grande Valley”
Laredo ✔✔Founded by Tomás Sanchez de la Barrera y Garza (with permission from José de
Escandón) and was the largest/most successful Spanish settlement
Francisco Hidalgo ✔✔Was a missionary to the Caddo Indians; with his letters & help from
Louis Juchereau de St. Denis established a permanent European occupation in Texas
Texas Rangers ✔✔Hired by Stephen F Austin for an expedition against the Indians and would
later help during the Mexican War
Buffalo Soldiers ✔✔Name given to the 4 regiments, especially the 2 calvaries of African
Americans, by the Plains Indians
Quanah Parker ✔✔Last chief of the Quahada Comanche Indians
Sam Houston ✔✔US Congressman and Tennessee governor; first president of Texas
Hawaii ✔✔Was led by a Hereditary Monarch; Queen wanted no outside influence but her people
revolted and asked the US for help; became a state in 1959
World War I ✔✔Sinking of Lusitania, German U-Boat aggression, Zimmerman Note
Sparta ✔✔Oligarchic military state; strict; farmed
Athens ✔✔Birth place of democracy
Governments of Greece ✔✔Assembly (citizens who showed up); courts (lawsuits & trials);
council (daily running of government)
Nile River ✔✔In Egypt, life was centered around here; made a political system necessary
Black Death ✔✔Killed 1/3 of the population; ended feudalism; turned the people away from
God
Johannesburg Gutenberg ✔✔Invented the printed press (1448)
Leonardo da Vinci ✔✔Founder of the “Renaissance Style”
TEXES Social Studies 232 Latest 2023
Already Passed
Montesquieu ✔✔Three branches of government with checks and balances
Voltaire ✔✔Importance of freedom of speech, religion, press
Locke ✔✔Two Treatises, people have natural rights and right to rebel
Full Employment ✔✔Allows for up to 4% unemployment
Money Market Funds ✔✔High rate of return, safe investment
Certificates of Deposit ✔✔High rate of return, safe, have to invest for set period of time
Stocks ✔✔Risky investment, but highest rate of return
Muslim Achievements in Middle Ages ✔✔Algebra, Circumference of Earth, Cataract Surgery,
Doctor exams
Inca Farming ✔✔Terraces
Aztec Farming ✔✔”Floating” gardens
Robert Fulton ✔✔Invented the steamboat; Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution ✔✔Came about due to steel – able to build skyscrapers
Ancient India Achievements ✔✔Concept of zero and decimal system
Circular Flow Model of Economy ✔✔Businesses pay households wages, rent, interest, and
dividends. Households provide businesses with the factors of production.
Keynes ✔✔Government intervention needed in times of economic instability.
Marx ✔✔Father of communism. Said people will rise up against government
Adam Smith ✔✔Father of capitalism. Stresses minimal government involvement in economy.
David Ricardo ✔✔Capitalist; Law of Iron Wages – wages always decrease compared to prices
Traditional Economy ✔✔Traditional practices such as farming, fishing, herding
Market Economy ✔✔Supply and demand determines prices. AKA free enterprise/capitalist
Command Economy ✔✔Government control – communist
Mixed Economy ✔✔Both market and command. Government imposes regulations, but allows
free enterprise
Monopolistic Competition ✔✔A few companies make the same product, advertise differently
Oligopoly ✔✔A few companies dominate market, control prices
Monoploly ✔✔One company controls market
Pure Competition ✔✔Goal of capitalism – infinite companies compete
Trade Deficit ✔✔Total value of imports exceeds value of exports
Business Cycle ✔✔Expansion, Crisis, Recession, Recovery
Expansion (cycle) ✔✔GDP rises, unemployment shrinks, low interest rates
Crisis (cycle) ✔✔Stock crash, bankrupcies
Recession (cycle) ✔✔GDP drops, unemployment grows, high interest
Recovery (cycle) ✔✔Interest rates drop (~5%)
TExES Core Subjects 4-8 (211) Exam
Review (English Language Arts and
Reading Already Passed
Language acquisition ✔✔the combination of innate ability, imitation of what is said and heard,
and multiple environmental influences
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) ✔✔coined by Noam Chomsky, was the belief humans
possess an “internal grammar”
Imitation ✔✔provides young learners with the opportunity to begin producing language by
observing and replicating their caregiver’s phrases and words
decreases in effectiveness as language learning becomes more complex
6 Components of Any Given Language ✔✔phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, semantics,
and pragmatics
Phonology ✔✔study of the sound system of a language
Phonemes ✔✔basic units of sound
Graphemes ✔✔individual letters
Morphology ✔✔study of the structure of words and word formations
Morphemes ✔✔the smallest representation of meaning
Ex: “cars” is made up of two morphemes: the root word “car” and the plural morpheme “s”
Syntax ✔✔the way words are organized and arranged in a language
Lexicon ✔✔the vocabulary of a language
Semantics ✔✔the way the meaning of a word is conveyed in a language through the use of its
vocabulary
connotation and denotation are used to convey meaning
Connotation ✔✔the implied meaning of words and ideas
Denotation ✔✔the literal meaning of words and ideas
Pragmatics ✔✔how context can affect the interpretation of communication
“common sense rules”
Intelligible ✔✔the ability to be understood
Ebonics ✔✔a language variation used by some African-American children
“slang”
Boston dialect ✔✔a language variation where speakers drop the /r/ after a vowel
The Speaking Checklist ✔✔1. sticks to the topic
TExES Special Ed 161 Practice
Questions with Certified Solutions
A new high school student is being assessed. He reads a 500 word text. He misreads 35 words.
At what level is he reading?
a. Instructional level.
b. Independent level.
c. Unsatisfactory level.
d. Merit level. ✔✔A: Instructional level. In one minute, a student who reads with 95-100%
accuracy is at an independent reading level. A student who reads with 90-95% accuracy is at an
Instructional level. A student who reads with less than 90%accuracy is at a frustration level.
According to the Assistive Technology Act, assistive devices are:
a. Electronic devices that support learning such as computers, calculators, student responders,
electronic self-teaching books and electronic reading devices.
b. Any mechanical, electrical or electronic device that helps teachers streamline efficiency.
c. Any device that could help a disabled student in school or life functions.
d. Experimental, high-tech teaching tools that teachers can obtain by participating in one of 67
government funded research projects. ✔✔C: Any device that could help a disabled student in
education or life functioning. The Assistive Technology Act of 1998 is the primary legislation
regarding assistive technology for disabled students and adults. The act funds 56 state programs
concerned with the assistive technology needs of individuals with disabilities. Assistive devices
include wheelchairs, hearing aids, glare-reduction screens, Braille devices, voice-recognition
software, screen magnifiers and a wealth of other tools.
In the first week of school, a resource teacher asks her high school students to make lists of
things they know how to do well. How is this activity most useful to the teacher?
a. It establishes a feeling of success in her students from the start.
b. It is an informal assessment of their writing skills and gives the teacher an idea of each
student’s interests and abilities.
c. It is a formal assessment of prior knowledge.
d. It invites further discussion of each student’s unique contributions and will help the class bond
with mutual respect. ✔✔B: It is an informal assessment of their writing and also gives the
teacher an idea of each student’s interests, abilities and skills. This assignment gives the teacher
an idea of her students’ writing abilities at the beginning of the year. She can return to this piece
of writing during the school year to assess progress.
In the above example, how could the teacher use the students’ lists in her lesson planning?
a. On the last day of school, she can return the lists and ask the students to add the new skills
they’ve learned, so they can see how far they’ve come.
b. She can have the students exchange lists so they can find other students who share the same
interests.
c. She can use the lists when planning independent reading and research projects for each
student.
d. All of the above. ✔✔D: All of the above. The writing prompt is multipurpose. The teacher can
use it in a number of ways, including planning independent reading and research projects for
each student, inviting students to share their writing to find others with the same interests and as
a way of demonstrating to each student their academic growth at the end of the school year.
A seventh grader with mild intellectual disabilities is having considerable trouble with algebra.
His stepfather is trying to help, but the more he drills the boy, the less he seems to understand.
The teacher suggests:
a. He continues drilling and enhances with pop quizzes. It may take the student longer to
understand algebraic terms, expressions and equations, but with hard work he will eventually
learn them.
b. He calls a moratorium on at-home algebra work. The student is becoming less willing to work
at school and the teacher is concerned he is losing confidence due to failure at home.
c. He continues drilling but breaks the study sessions into no more than 3 five-minute periods per
day.
d. He substitutes fun activities for math drills. Incorporating algebra blocks, math games, and
applications of algebra to real-life situations will make math more fun and more relevant. ✔✔D:
He substitutes more enjoyable algebra activities for math drills. Incorporating manipulatives such
as algebra blocks, math games and applications of algebra to real-life situations, will make math
both more fun and more relevant. When both parent and child are enjoying the work, they will
accomplish morein a shorter period of time and the child will feel happy and successful, which
encourages her to embrace further learning opportunities.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices, forearm crutches and a head
pointer are assistive devices that might be used by a student with:
a. Severe intellectual disabilities.
b. Cerebral palsy.
c. Tourette syndrome.
d. Minor skeletal birth defects. ✔✔B: Cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that
groups neurological childhood disorders that affect muscular control. It does not worsen over
time and the cause is located in damaged areas of the brain that control muscle movement.
Depending upon the severity of the disorder, a child with cerebral palsy might benefit from an
AAC device to help in speaking, forearm crutches to assist in walking or a head pointer for a
child whose best motor control is his head.
A four year old child has difficulty sorting plastic cubes, circles and triangles by color and shape,
doesn’t recognize patterns or groups and doesn’t understand the relationship between little/big,
TExES 4-8 Social Studies Practice Test
(2022/2023) Graded A+
Anthropologists ✔✔The social scientist most likely to study the role of kinship relationships
within a cultural group.
The economy of colonial New England focused on manufacture and trade mainly because?
✔✔Soil and climate conditions in New England were not conducive to year-round farming
-The development of more accurate navigation instruments
-The introduction of new foods and other goods to Europe
The Discovery of new lands where people might see k a better life ✔✔Reasons for the Age of
Exploration
What country does not share a border with Israel? ✔✔Saudi Arabia
Which Country includes about 20 percent of the worlds land surface but only 12 percent of its
population? ✔✔Africa
Which president greatly expanded the power of the presidency? ✔✔Lyndon Johnson
The physical geography of a region most directly affects? ✔✔The dietary preferences of the
native population
Most of the region known as Mesopotamia is located in the present-day nation of? ✔✔Iraq
A nation that is not a member of NAFTA is? ✔✔Brazil
One reason for Jefferson’s opposition to the Bank of the United States was? ✔✔He was a strict
constructionist
What was the effect of the Platt Amendment? ✔✔The establishment of the U.S. naval base at
Guantanamo bay
The idea that the purpose of the American colonies was to provide Great Britain with raw
materials and a market for its goods is an expression of? ✔✔Mercantilism
TExES History 7-12 (233) Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Mandate of Heaven ✔✔In ancient China, this provided divine sanction for an emperor’s right to
rule. Establishing a code of conduct for emperors. Those who behaved immorally or exercised
their power in a tyrannical manner lost their right to rule and could be removed through
revolution.
(competency 001)
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ✔✔Document that officially ended the Mexican-American
War (1846-1848) in 1848, establishing the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas.
(competency 017)
Republican Ideology ✔✔American revolutionaries believed that government should be based on
the consent of the governed.
(competency 009)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton ✔✔From the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 until her death in 1902,
this woman was at the forefront of every major initiative to expand the civic and legal rights of
women. She wrote the Declaration of Sentiments.
(competency 012)
The Punic Wars ✔✔Fought between the Roman Republic and Carthage from 264-146 B.C. A
total of three wars but best known for the Second and ultimate third. During the Second,
Hannibal crossed the Alps and invaded Italy from the north before being forced back to North
Africa. During the third and final war, Rome destroyed the city of Carthage itself. Resulting in
Rome gaining uncontested hegemony over the western Mediterranean.
(competency 001)
The Inca Empire ✔✔During the early 15th and 16th centuries, this South American civilization
was best known for its far-reaching and elaborate system of paved roads. Originally developed to
assist soldiers in moving through this empire’s mountainous terrain, these roads became pivotal
for commercial function as well as developing a cohesive political and cultural aspects across its
vast territories and and ethnic groups.
(competency 007)
mit’a ✔✔Labor obligations imposed by Inca rulers on their subjects to maintain its system of
paved roads.
(competency 007)
quipu ✔✔Method of long-distance communication used by the Inca. They did not have a fully
developed written language, so a system of knots in string in cotton was used by messengers to
communicate between individuals.
(competency 007)
Mesopotamia ✔✔This ancient civilization had little to no natural barriers protecting it from
neighboring invaders, therefore they experienced frequent invasions that often resulted in the
conquest or collapse of existing states.
(competency 005)
Islam ✔✔During the period circa 1300-1500 A.D. this religious belief was widely spread
primarily by trade throughout Southeast Asia.
(competency 005)
Silver ✔✔Ming Emporer Yongle initiated a policy of currency reform to phase out paper money
due to inflation.
The increased demand for this substance increased in Ming China in the mid-1400s. The
predominant importer was Japan until the mid-16th century when the newly opened Spanish
mines in Potosi and Zacatecas discovered vast deposits and began shipping it across the Pacific.
This ultimately had a profound effect on the world economy, as it increased Europe’s overall
long-distance trade and greatly stimulated the consumption of luxury items.
(competency 007)
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty ✔✔Established a practice of issuing paper money and copper coins as
the primary means of exchange in China prior to the mid-1400s.
TExES Business and Finance (276) Prep
Manual & Extras Latest 2023 Already
Passed
Income Statement ✔✔Produced once a month to ensure expense review and control
Income Statement’ ✔✔Allows a company to determine how much money is coming in and how
it’s being spent
Promissory Note ✔✔Indicates a loan and debt financing to raise capital
Convertible Securities ✔✔Used to raise capital by way of equity financing
Convertible Securities’ ✔✔Stock or bond, that can be converted to another type of security
Convertible’ Securities ✔✔Another type of bond or stock
Direct Stock Offerings ✔✔Used to raise capital by equity financing
Initial Public Offering (IPO) ✔✔Raises capital through equity financing
Withdrawal of money from account via ATM ✔✔Amt is deducted from the customer’s account
balance
Customer’s access privilege ✔✔Occurs after the server connection has been established and the
verification that the customer holds an account has occurred
Establishing the server connection ✔✔First step that must occur for a process to begin
Verification that a customer holds an account ✔✔This must occur before a withdrawal can occur
Creditworthiness ✔✔The key determinant of how likely it is that the loan will be repaid
Lending company examines ✔✔Current cash flow, not past liabilities
Expenses associated with employee risk management ✔✔Unrelated to any of the characteristics
that a lending company will be reviewing
Entrance of a competitor to the market ✔✔Unrelated to the characteristics that a lending
company will be reviewing
Doctrine of Insurable Interest ✔✔A person will suffer financial or other kinds of loss when they
lose or damage a particular property
Doctrine of Contribution ✔✔A defendant who has paid more than his/her share of the award has
a claim against other jointly liable parties for the excess payment
Doctrine of Subrogation ✔✔The ability of one person to take the place of another in regard to a
lawful claim/ demand or right against a third party
Doctrine of Indemnification ✔✔The ability to financially restore a property as it was prior to the
incident
Perpetual Inventory System ✔✔Records actual costs affiliated with inventory using a physical
count
Periodic Inventory System ✔✔Inventory does not become part of the count of goods to be sold
Temporary Inventory System ✔✔Does not account for inventory errors
Just-in-time Inventory System ✔✔Inventory goods are not on hand until needed
Prepaid Insurance’ ✔✔Paid in advance and hold value
Prepaid’ Insurance ✔✔A refund could be requested for the unused portion
‘Prepaid Insurance ✔✔Is expensed only as it is used
Liability ✔✔An obligation that is due and is unrelated to the sale of a product or service
Equity ✔✔Ownership in stock or other securities
Salvage Value ✔✔Used as a component of the depreciation calculation
TExES Technology Education 6-12 (171)
(2022/2023) Rated A+
Define basic information technology concepts and essential applications. ✔✔There are six basic
concepts important to understanding IT. These concepts should be introduced to students
beginning in the first grade and continuing through hs years.
Binary ✔✔brief representations of long strings of numbers used in computations
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ✔✔letters and punctuation signs
combined with strings of binary numbers
Hierarchy ✔✔the order to understanding and using information technology; this concept is
sometimes referred to as “nesting quality”
World Wide Web ✔✔the www is a communication tool that links information via bursts of
binary data
Stored Program ✔✔a CPU (central processing unit) stores multiple sets of instructions and
determines the next step in a process
Routing ✔✔sequences of binary numbers move through a connected network
The three essential applicable benefits of the basic concepts of IT are: ✔✔Word and number
processing, searching the internet, greater efficiency
Word and Number Processing ✔✔formatting of documents and spreadsheets
Searching the Internet ✔✔using the ASCII encoding system to find information
Greater Efficiency in IT ✔✔increased speed in finding, comparing, and transmitting data
Graphic Design ✔✔both the process of visual communication and the product created; uses
typography, visual arts, page layout to tell a story
Typography ✔✔the features of an object
Visual Arts ✔✔paintings, sculptures, drawing, etc.
TEXES 164 Questions and Answers
100% Pass
An emphasis on using individual syllables ✔✔A primary difference between English literacy
skill development and Spanish literacy skill development is that Spanish literacy involves
Culture maintanance ✔✔To maintain the culture identity of ELL´s it is important to read english
version stories, folk-tales, and other narratives from student´s home cultures to valitate and
affirm those cultures.
Canadian Language inmmersion programs ✔✔Designed for both English speakers and English
language learners (e.g. French Students).
Additive Bilingual Programs ✔✔The main goal is reinforce and continue the cognitive growth in
L1 to enhance student learning and as well reinforce development in L2.
Instruction in Language arts and content area ✔✔Should be instructed in L1 and L2 at least 6
consecutive years to improve ELL´s chances of achieving academic parity with NSL´s.
Reciprocal Teaching ✔✔It is an instructional activity where students and teacher engage in a
dialogue about the class content
Summarizing Reciprocal ✔✔teaching strategies where students present the main content in their
own words.
Clarifiying ✔✔Reciprocal teaching strategy where students identify specific parts of a text to
create comprehensive problems related to vocabulary, expressions, and concepts. For seeking
support, questioning and using reference materials to be sure of understanding the content.
Predicting ✔✔Reciprocal teaching strategy to predict the content based on prior knowledge and
knowledge they have accumulated on the lesson. Then students read or participate in an activity
to verify if their prediction is accurate and to lik new knowledge with the prior knowledge.
Concurrent Approach ✔✔Both languages are used for instruction. It is required special skills
from the teacher to dominate the instruction and strong knowledge of the curriculum. *It is is
strange used to delive content in modern dual language programs or BE.
Language ✔✔Language is a system composed by sub- systems
Language sub-systems ✔✔Phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, semantics, discourse, and
pragmatics.
Semantics literal meaning ✔✔Denotation
Semantics implied meaning ✔✔Conotation
Phonolgy ✔✔Study of the sound system in language
Phoneme ✔✔Basic unit of the sound that distinguish one word from another. In English there are
44 phonemes.
Graphemes ✔✔Printed letter symbol used to represent a speech sound (phoneme). In English
there are 26 graphemes (letters).
English ✔✔Grapheme-phoneme is inconsistent because it has many consonant digraphs.
Digraphs ✔✔Two or more otters representing one sound. E.g. Gh – ghost, kn- know, rh – rhythm,
sc – scene
Spanish ✔✔Grapheme-phoneme correspondence is very consistent. It has 26 graphemes to
represent 25 or 27 phonemes.
Morphology ✔✔The study of the structure of words or word formation.
Morpheme ✔✔The smallest meaningful unit of language (cat there phonemes c/a/t).
Derivational morpheme ✔✔Can (but may not) change the syntactic classification by using
affixes (from adjective to an adverb).
Affix ✔✔An structural element added to the beginning or ending of a word in order to alter the
meaning, pronunciation, or function. (e.g. Suffixes and prefixes).
Inflectional morphemes ✔✔Do not change the syntactic classification and typically follows
derivational morphemes. They go always at the end of a word.
TExES Life Science 7-12 Certification
Exam (2022/2023) with Certified
Solutions
Quantitative observations ✔✔Observations that can be measured
Number, length, mass, volume, etc
Qualitative observations ✔✔Observations that cannot be measured
Color, shape, texture, etc
Hypothesis ✔✔A testable proposition that scientists can use as the basis for an investigation
If it cannot be tested scientifically, then it is not a hypothesis
Propose an explaination of observed natural phenomenon
Mathematical biology ✔✔Rooted in multifaceted mathematical models inspired by complex
biological processes
Theoretical biology ✔✔Develops and uses data from the mathematical models to develop
theoretical assessments of biological processes
What is the first law of thermodynamics state? ✔✔That energy cannot be created nor destroyed,
it can only be transferred
How are scientific laws distinguished from facts? ✔✔By their durability (or ability to stay
constant over time)
Facts are the observations themselves, they are never considered final proof
Scientific laws are a generalized description of natural phenomena over time based on multiple
observations
Cell theory ✔✔States that all living things are made up of cells
Cells can only come from other cells
Robert Hooke used a microscope to identify, describe, and name cells
Germ theory ✔✔Microorganisms, “germs”, were found everywhere and contributed to both food
spoilage and disease
Work of Louis Pasteur
Confirmed the cell theory that cells only come from other cells
What are the driving forces of evolution? ✔✔Descent with modification and natural selection
Work of Charles Darwin
Structure of genetic material: ✔✔Hershey and Chase – initially confirmed that DNA comprises
the genetic material of cells
Watson and Crick – revealed that the structure of DNA is a double helix (based off the work of
Franklin)
Carl Linnaeus ✔✔Developed the hierarchal system
Grouped species into seven levels (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species)
Carl Woese ✔✔Modified Linnaeus’ hierarchal system
Redrew the taxonomic tree, added “domain” to the top of the classification system
Precision ✔✔Refers to how close repeated values are to one another
(On a target, all the holes are right next to each other)
Accuracy ✔✔Refers to how close a measured value is to the true value
(On a target, all of the holes are within the same ring)
What are the seven SI units? ✔✔Meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole
What are significant figures? ✔✔The non zero numbers, the zeros between them, and the final
zero
Linear scale ✔✔Shows equal values using equal divisions
Waves or mechanical motion
Logarithmic scale ✔✔Nonlinear , units are written in powers of 10
Richter scale, entropy, and the decibel unit used to measure sound
Crucibles ✔✔When heating things at very high temperatures, this is the best thing to use because
they are resistant to the high temperatures
What composes the nucleus of an atom? ✔✔Protons – positively charged
Neutrons – neutrally charged
TExES Speech 7-12 (129) TEA
Preparation for Test Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Connie is attending a lecture by a well-known speaker. However, Connie is having trouble
focusing on the lecture because she keeps thinking about an exam for which she must study.
From the perspective of communication theory, which of the following best describes what
Connie is experiencing? ✔✔Noise
Bill has accepted an engagement to speak at a local service organization. He searches the local
newspaper’s archives for articles about the organization in order to better understand its beliefs
and goals. Bill is engaging in which of the following? ✔✔Audience Analysis
Carlos is listening to Sally explain why she is upset about an exam she has just taken. Carlos
wants to provide emotional support for Sally. In which of the following is Carlos engaged?
✔✔Empathic listening
Which of the following is an effective nonverbal communication technique that a group leader
can use to indicate a desire to share authority within the group? ✔✔Sitting in a circle with the
group
Henry believes that foul language is used only by people who have little or no education. He is
surprised that a classmate in his graduate class, Marla, Often uses profanity in casual speech.
Henry’s interpretation of Marla is influenced by Henry’s ✔✔World view
A political candidate is speaking to an organization that represents a specific group within the
society. The candidate does not know that a certain phrase has been used by the majority
population in a derogatory manner about the group. In the speech the candidate uses the phrase
without realizing its offensive nature. In which of the following areas has the candidate failed to
be thorough? ✔✔Audience Analysis
Which of the following aspects of credibility is most directly related to a speaker’s expertise in
the subject matter of a speech? ✔✔Competence
A student who is searching Internet sources while preparing a speech chooses to use only blogs
that support the student’s predetermined view of the topic. This approach fails to provide which
of the following in the student’s research? ✔✔Objectivity
A student is giving a speech on the Jurassic period and uses a real fossilized bone to illustrate
some traits of the dinosaurs that lived at the time. The student is using which of the following
types of sources? ✔✔Primary
Passing the PPR TExES Exam for EC-12
Teachers Latest 2023 Rated A+
The teacher TExES PPR is divided
into four standards.
Standard I
The teacher designs instruction appropriate for all students that reflects an understanding of
relevant content and is based on continuous and appropriate assessment.
Standard II
The teacher creates a classroom environment of respect and rapport that fosters a positive climate
for learning, equity, and excellence.
Standard III
The teacher promotes student learning by providing responsive instruction that makes use of
effective communication techniques; instructional strategies that actively engage students in the
learning process; and timely, high-quality feedback.
Standard IV
The teacher fulfills professional roles and responsibilities and adheres to legal and ethical
requirements of the profession.
A strategy to use while taking the PPR
Sometimes the test will give you excellent answer choices that are true and do make sense…but
they do not answer the question at hand. So,…….
- Underline important words in the decision-set prompt and the questions themselves to keep
you focused on exactly what is being asked.
Competency 001
The teacher understands human developmental processes and applies this knowledge to plan
instruction and ongoing assessment that motivate students and are responsive to their
developmental characteristics and needs.
An EC-6 teacher recognizes factors
affecting physical growth and health of students in EC-6 grade;
Examples: nutrition, sleep, prenatal exposure to drugs, and abuse.
And knows that students’ physical growth and health related to childhood and adolescence
impact their development in other domains such as; cognitive, social, and emotional.
An EC-6 teacher recognizes challenges
for students during later childhood and early adolescence;
Examples: self-image, physical appearance, eating disorders, and feelings of rebelliousness.
And recognizes effective ways to help students address these challenges.
An EC-6 teacher understands
that student involvement in risky behavior such as use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, gang
involvement, and misuse of technology, impacts development and learning.
Competency 002
The teacher understands student diversity and knows how to plan learning experiences and
design assessments that are responsive to differences among students and that promote all
students’ learning.
Competency 003
The teacher understands procedures for designing effective and coherent instruction and
assessment based on appropriate learning goals and objectives.
During a face-to-face conference about a student, which of the following strategies best ensures
open communication between the teacher and parents?
A. Beginning with a discussion of the student’s behavioral weaknesses
B. Minimizing opportunities for parental suggestions on classroom management
C. Limiting the use of education-specific terminology
D. Maintaining a demeanor that emphasizes authority
Option (C) is correct because a teacher who uses education-specific terms can make it difficult
for parents to completely understand the situation or possible solutions. By replacing education
terminology with easier-to-understand language, the teacher can help establish an effective
discussion.
Middle school students are working in cooperative learning groups on a project. While
monitoring the classroom, the teacher notices that some students are not actively working on the
project. Which of the following techniques should the teacher implement first to address the
issue?
A. Having students complete the remainder of the project independently
B. Reassigning group members based on the teacher’s observations
C. Asking students to view their project from a different perspective
D. Reviewing assigned roles for the project with members of each group
Option (D) is correct because speaking with individual group members will encourage student
involvement. In cooperative learning, each student is assigned a particular responsibility prior to
beginning group work, and all members are responsible for the final product. A reminder of the
assigned role should be the first step a teacher takes in engaging students in the activity.
Which of the following approaches would most effectively support kindergarten students’ social
development when they participate in learning centers?
A. Balancing the students’ time between quiet learning and the activity of centers
B. Keeping the same groups of students together as they rotate through the learning centers
C. Assessing students’ strengths and weaknesses in the skills that the centers emphasize
D. Creating opportunities for interaction among students during learning center activities
Option (D) is correct because creating opportunities for interaction among students during center
time supports social development by encouraging students to work together.
A high school English-language arts teacher wants to ensure that students successfully complete
a content-specific essay. Which of the following actions by the teacher will best help students
understand the teacher’s expectations for the assignment’s format?
A. Supplying students with more information about the topic
Practice Test for TExES Health Science
(273) Latest 2023 Graded A+
How does Medicaid differ from Medicare ✔✔medicaid is federally and state-funded
What are the two leading causes of death in the US ✔✔heart disease and cancer
The greatest benefit of adopting an electronic medical record system is ✔✔accessibility of
information
The migration of educated healthcare providers from rural areas to urban areas or from
developing countries to developed countries is ✔✔brain drain
The WHO focuses on? ✔✔economics, disease prevention, and proverty
What is universal health care ✔✔a specific type of health care where everyone is provided health
coverage regardless of their income, race, age, re-existing conditions, gender or wealth
Under which health care model would you never receive a doctors bill? ✔✔the beveridge model
Why are demographic factors an important consideration when discussing health issues
✔✔knowledge of these factors can help doctors find the cause or stimulus for certain diseases
How could the newly elected gov’t of a low-income country work to achieve a higher life
expectancy for its citizens? ✔✔begin a program for reducing the contaminants in the drinking
water
Deductible ✔✔an amount of money you must pay for health care services covered under your
plan before the insurance company begins to pay for these services
-ex) if deductible is at 1500, then your insurance company doesn’t pay anything for you until you
pay the first 1500
Coinsurance ✔✔% share of the costs of a covered health care service that you are responsible for
-ex) 1000 procedure, 20% coninsurance, out of pocket costs will be $200 which is 20% of 1000
(the rest 80% of the bill will be paid to your doctor by your health insurance company)
KUB stand for ✔✔kidneys, ureters, bladder
the disease commonly called lupus is abbreviated as ✔✔LE
what is the abbreviation for intramuscular ✔✔IM
what does the abbreviation gtt mean? ✔✔drops
what is the abbreviation for extended release? ✔✔XL
what is the abbreviation for without? ✔✔s
what does UA stand for? ✔✔urinalysis
what is the abbreviation for write on label? ✔✔Sig
what does ROS stand for ✔✔review of systems
what abbreviation is used when there is not enough of a specimen for a lab test? ✔✔QNS
TExES Core Subjects 4-8 Practice Exam
Already Graded A
Photographs, illustrations, and diagrams in books are meant to represent real things. You, as the
teacher, can try to take the 2-D, or flat image and imagine it to be 3-D, like it is in real life. You
can make it more real by adding in details from other senses such as smell, touch, and so on.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a good prompt when working with your
students as they look at images in a text?
A. What’s first? Why?
B. Read the caption. Now look at the picture. Describe what you see.
C. Make it seem more real. Say what you see
D. What do you imagine beyond the flat picture? ✔✔A. What’s first? Why?
Simply by adding columns to a chart, you can dramatically increase the amount and variety of
information it contains. Be sure your students are ready for more complex charts, however. Start
simple. For example, you can leave the last two columns blank in chart. Incomplete charts are
excellent ways of ______________________.
A. using science material
B. setting purposes for reading
C. using print sources
D. limiting discussions ✔✔B. setting purposes for reading
How can students best learn the words said, one, and water?
A. Decoding
B. Segmenting
C. Frequent exposure
D. Word families ✔✔C. Frequent exposure
In designing reinforcement activities for newly introduced terms, teachers can easily incorporate
some of the terms previously studied. The interconnectedness of content –
___________________ – facilitates this practice.
A. used by judicial and executive branches
B. rote drills without the tedium
C. the fact that new information and ideas build on an existing knowledge base
D. past organizers in the feature analysis ✔✔C. the fact that new information and ideas build on
an existing knowledge base
Many kinds of charts are possible, as long as it has rows and columns. You needn’t be concerned
about whether you are a using a particular type of chart. The only important consideration is
whether the chart makes sense to your students – whether it helps them think through the content
of a reading selection. Which of the following is the simplest of charts?
A. Multiple-column charts
B. Two-column charts
C.Tables
D. T-chart ✔✔D. T-chart
Mrs. Pratt writes the following sentence on the board: During the avalanche, a
___________________rolled downhill and came to rest in the middle of the highway. (bolder,
boulder) She then asks them to fill in the blank with the correct word.
_______________________________are words that sound the same but have different spellings
and different meanings.
A. Antonyms
B. Homophones
C. Synonyms
D. Analogies ✔✔B. Homophones
As we read, it is vital that relevant schemata be activated, or “switched on” to that new
information can be integrated with existing knowledge. You, as a teacher, know as your students
begin to read, their focus is limited to certain elements in the message according to their
___________________.
A. spelling capabilities
B. role of intentions
C. purposes for reading
D. printed language use ✔✔C. purposes for reading
Students read aloud together as a group. This is called
A. Guided reading
B. Directed reading
C. Independent reading
D. Choral reading ✔✔D. Choral reading
Inferential questions require students to use explicit facts in order to reach unstated, or implicit,
conclusions. Teachers should encourage students to draw on prior knowledge in this process as
well. All of the following are included in inferential questions except:
A. The student “reads between the lines”
B. The student extracts explicit facts, expressly stated
C. Reason is used to infer implicit facts, implied but not stated