CPACC BUNDLED Exam Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct | LATEST UPDATE 2023-2024 {With The Best Information}

CPACC BUNDLED Exam Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct | LATEST UPDATE 2023-2024 {With The Best Information} cpacc-certified-professional-in-accessibility-core-competencies

CPACC Exam (Updated 2023-2024) QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Name a disability that might not be obvious to an observer – Answer Dyslexia,
hearing loss, seizure disorder
What is the medical model of disability? – Answer The medical model of
disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability.
What disability model says that disability is an issue with inaccessible
environments rather than people ? – Answer Social model
What’s a weakness of the social identity model? – Answer People might like
this model because they feel excluded from society.
What’s a pro of the functional solutions model? – Answer It looks for helpful
and realistic ways to solve problems
What is the charity model? – Answer The idea that people with disabilities are
the victims of unfortunate situations and deserve special treatment.
What is a pro of the medical model? – Answer It’s based on clearly defined
factual information
What are the weaknesses of the medical model? – Answer Very specific
definitions can be an issue when some people don’t fit into a box and might miss
out on benefits or assistance that they need. It also overlooks the need for
accessible environments because of its focus on the individual. And it can give a
person an “other” label.
What’s the social model? – Answer The idea that disability is a function of
how a person interacts with their environment. If things were designed in an
accessible way, then a disability wouldn’t be a barrier.

What’s a pro of the social model? – Answer It empowers people with a
disability by putting the need for change on the environment instead of the
person. It could indirectly influence designers and architects to create a more
usable world.
What are weaknesses of the social model? – Answer It can make a disability
seem impersonal, and some people with disabilities feel like their disability is an
important part of themself. It also de-emphasizes the reality that people with
disabilities can face.
What is the functional solutions model? – Answer It identifies the functional
impairments of a person and looks for ways to create and innovate new ways to
help people interact with their environment.
What is a weakness of the functional solutions model? – Answer The search
for a specific way to solve a problem might mean that a broader way to solve the
problem is overlooked.
What are three types of visual disabilities? – Answer Blindness, low vision,
color blindness
What are five types of mobility disorders? – Answer Manual dexterity/fine
motor control, ambulation, muscle fatigue, body size, body shape and form
What are some types of cognitive disorders? – Answer Intellectual, memory,
reading, math comprehension, ADHD, learning, dyslexia, language, autism
What are the two types of seizure disorders? – Answer Photosensitive and
general seizure disorder
What are three types of psychological disorders? – Answer Social, emotional,
and behavioral
What is the economic model? – Answer It defines disability by a person’s
ability to work

CPACC Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Verified
Medical Model – Answer defines disability in terms of biological impairments. Disability is viewed as
a problem that is caused by diagnosed genetic disorders, disease, trauma, or other health conditions.
Disability is treated as a biological problem that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with
professional medical care.
Social Model – Answer Rather than place the definition of “disability” entirely on the person with a
disability, this model points out that society creates disabling conditions. To a large extent, “disability” is
an avoidable condition caused by poor design.
-doesn’t deny that there is a biological or medical component to disability. It merely points out that more
inclusive designs can remove the barriers that people with disabilities face in their everyday lives. The
model emphasizes the human rights of people with disabilities to participate in society in meaningful
ways
-we are more disabled by the society that we live in than by our bodies and our diagnoses
Functional Solutions Model – Answer model takes a practical approach to disability by identifying the
impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability. The model then seeks out solutions for
eradicating these limitations through advancements in technology or methodology. There is less of a
focus on the social and political aspects of disability, but more focus on applying innovation to
overcoming the limitations of disability.
-Businesses that create and sell accessibility solutions often take this approach. They see a need and try
to meet the need with their products and/or services.
Social Identity Model/Cultural Affiliation Model – Answer People with disabilities may develop a
sense of personal identity through consorting with others who share similar life experiences based on
their disability. Together, the group develops a sense of culture based on these shared experiences.
-doesn’t always serve as a useful basis for technical definitions of disability, because groups of people
with different types of disabilities—or even without any disabilities—may consider themselves part of
the same social group.
Charity Model/Tragedy Model – Answer treats disabilities as unfortunate or tragic conditions worthy
of special treatment. People without disabilities take pity on those with disabilities and set up

fundraisers, projects, assistance, and other interventions to improve the condition of those with
disabilities. Many people with disabilities find this approach offensive, even if the end result produces
something that helps people with disabilities. With this approach, the offensive part is the attitude and
the assumptions. People without disabilities are in the position of the givers; the “fortunate” ones.
People with disabilities are in the position of the receivers; the “unfortunate” ones. This kind of
arrangement sets up an unequal power balance, and an unhealthy social relationship between groups of
people.
Blindness – Answer Asightlessness or a loss of vision. While the term is often used to define a total
loss of vision, it may also refer to partial blindness, where sight may be extremely limited (low vision)
Causes:
Diabetes
Macular Degeneration
Glaucoma
Accidents or traumatic injuries to the eye
Stroke
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Screen Readers – Answer Convert the text on the web page into spoken words. Blind people listen to
web pages
ICT Blindness Challenge: Cannot see digital or electronic interfaces (computers, automated teller
machines (ATMs), mobile devices, airport kiosks, televisions, printers, copiers, phones, GPS devices, etc.)

• Answer -Screen readers can read interfaces and content out loud to users by converting digital text
  to synthesized speech, but only if they have been designed to be accessible. Screen readers do not
  announce text styles such as font, color, size, bold, and italic.
  -Self-voicing interfaces and applications can communicate to users without the need for a screen reader,
  but these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with
  the interface or content as screen readers do.
  -Refreshable Braille output devices use screen readers to convert digital text to Braille. These devices are
  typically expensive, and only a minority of blind people know how to read Braille.

CPACC STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
How common are disabilities? – Answer ~1 in every 5 people (about 20%) has
a disability of some kind
Types of Disabilities – Answer – Recognizable

• Hidden
• Temporary
• Age-Related
  Print Disabilities – Answer a disability that prevents an individual from gaining
  information from printed material; requires the use of alternative methods to
  access the material
  Screen readers – Answer Devices that many people with visual impairments
  use to access the Web, which read aloud Web page text and descriptions that a
  user selects ONLY if the content is accessible
  Assistive Technologies – Answer Software and devices used to maintain,
  increase, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.
  They do not completely compensate for the disability. People who create the
  environments must create them with accessibility in mind in order for the assistive
  technologies to be most effective.
  Assistive Technology for Blindness – Answer – Screen readers
• Refreshable Braille devices
  Assistive Technology for Low Vision – Answer – Screen enlargers
• Screen readers
  Assistive Technology for Color Blindness – Answer – Color enhancement
  overlays or glasses

Assistive Technology for Deafness – Answer – Captions

• Transcripts
  Assistive Technology for Motor/Mobility Disabilities – Answer – Head wand
• Mouth stick
• Alternative keyboards
• Eye gaze tracking
• Voice Activation
  Assistive Technology for Cognitive Disabilities – Answer – Screen readers
• Screen overlays
• Augmentative communication aids
  The Digital Accessibility Revolution – Answer The Web Enables
  Unprecedented Access to Information for the Blind
  The Web Enables Unprecedented Access to Commerce for People with Mobility
  Impairments
  Which statements are true? (Select all that apply)
  A. For people with disabilities, the Internet is an obstacle that cannot be
  overcome even with assistive technology.
  B. The term “assistive technology” applies only to computer use and Internet
  access.
  C. The Internet is an important part of the solution for disability access.
  D. Making a website accessible to people with disabilities makes it less accessible
  for other users. – Answer C. The Internet is an important part of the solution
  for disability access.
  Who uses assistive technology? (Select all that apply)
  A. Only people who use handicapped entrances to buildings
  B. People who wear glasses or contact lenses
  C. People who wear hearing aids
  D. People with motor disabilities – Answer B. People who wear glasses or
  contact lenses
  C. People who wear hearing aids
  D. People with motor disabilities

True or False: There are many forms of disabilities that are not obvious to an
observer. – Answer True
Medical Model – Answer Disability is viewed as a problem that is caused by
medically-diagnosed genetic disorders, disease, trauma, or other health
conditions. Disability is treated as a biological problem that diminishes quality of
life and needs to be treated with professional medical care.
The legal definition of disabilities often relies on the assumptions of the medical
model.
Strengths of the Medical Model – Answer Explicitly acknowledges that there is
a biological condition that places an individual at a disadvantage compared to the
majority of the population.
A clearly-defined set of biological criteria helps medical professionals make
important treatment decisions and the government to decide who gets assistance.
Weaknesses of the Medical Model – Answer Frequently criticized by disability
advocates.

• Overlooks the impact of the design decisions in our social environment
• Labels and stigmatizes the person as different and “less than” the rest of the
  population
• People who do not fit within the clearly-defined definitions may be denied
  benefits that they need
• Adds a level of inconvenient bureaucracy by having to “prove” your disability
  repeatedly
  Social Model – Answer The social model points out that society creates
  disabling conditions. To a large extent, “disability” is an avoidable condition
  caused by poor design.
  The social model doesn’t deny that there is a biological or medical component to
  disability. It merely points out that more inclusive designs can remove the barriers
  that people with disabilities face in their everyday lives.

Strengths of the Social Model – Answer Empowers people with disabilities by
removing the stigma often associated with physical impairments.
Empowers designers of physical and virtual environments to think broadly about
usability for all kinds of humans. Inclusive designs sometimes require more
creative thinking, but this can be a benefit, because the resulting designs are often
better for everyone, not just for people with disabilities.
Weaknesses of the Social Model – Answer The social model can de-emphasize
the physical reality of a disability too much.
They argue that a person’s disability can be an important part of one’s identity,
and it shouldn’t be minimized to the point that people are afraid to talk about it.
Accepting and “owning” one’s disability can be very healthy from an emotional
and psychological perspective.
Functional Solutions Model – Answer The functional solutions model takes a
practical approach to disability by identifying the functional impairments, or
limitations, that are a result of disability. The model then seeks out solutions for
eradicating these limitations through advancements in technology or
methodology.
There is less of a focus on the social and political aspects of disability, but more
focus on applying innovation to overcoming the limitations of disability.
Strengths of the Functional Solutions Model – Answer Focuses on results that
benefit people with disabilities. It takes a real-world approach to finding solutions
that work, without getting hung up on theoretical or political questions. It instead
puts energy into ideas, technologies, and innovations that improve the lives of
people with disabilities.
Weaknesses of the Functional Solutions Model – Answer Sometimes
innovative solutions are not the most useful solution to broader problems, which
may be a result of the social and environmental barriers people with disabilities
face.

IAAP CPACC Exam Prep Questions and Answers 100% Correct

IAAP CPACC Exam Prep Questions and
Answers 100% Correct
Medical Model – Answer disability as a problem of the person, directly caused
by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained
medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals.
~ Management is aimed at a cure, or individual adjustment and behavioral change
~ medical care viewed as main issue
~ political response is to reform healthcare
Strengths: addresses biological sources of disabilities through cures or medical
management
Weaknesses: treats disability as a problem or inherent characteristic of the
indvidual, overlooks broader sociopolitical constraints imposed by unwelcoming
or inaccessible environments
Social Model – Answer views disability as a socially created problem, a matter
of the full integration of individuals into society. Disability is a complex collection
of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment.
~ social action
~ society needs to make environmental modifications
~ cultural and ideological
~ large-scale cultural change
~ equal access as a human rights issue
Strenghts: Focuses on disabling conditions in the environment and makes clear
they are not solely a characteristic of individual’s “broken” body. Encourages
design to accommodate a wide range of human characteristics and abilities
Weaknesses: downplays the embodied aspects of disabilities too much, push for
social justice puts activitists at odds with other political interests, antagonizes
relationships, creates resolute political adversaries.

Economic Model – Answer Defines disability by a person’s inability to work.
Assesses degree to which impairment affect’s individual productivity and
economic consequences for individual, employer, and state.
~ loss of earnings for/payment for assistance by individual
~ lower profit margins for employer
~ State welfare payments
Strengths: recognizes the affect of bodily limitations on a person’s ability to work
and for economic support and/or accommodation
Weaknesses: creates a legally-defined category of people who are “needy”,
stigmatizing for people with disabilities, if individual’s do not meet legal threshold
may not receive needed support
Functional Solutions Model – Answer practical perspective that identifies
limitations (“functional impairments”) due to disability, intent to create and
promote solutions to overcome limitations.
~ eliminate/reduce impact of functional limitations
~ deemphasizes sociopolitical aspects
~ prioritizes inventiveness and entrepreneurship
Strengths: results-oriented, seeks to provide solutions to real-world challenges,
side steps convoluted sociopolitical implications of disability
Weaknesses: entrepreneurs often miss the mark, profit driven entrepreneurism
may lead to innovations of more benefit to the entrepreneur than target
population, deemphasis of socioeconomic issues may lead innovators to ignore
most important aspects of the original problem
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model – Answer refers to sense of
deriving personal identity from membership within a group of like-minded
individuals
Strengths: accepts disability completely, pride in being associated with others in a
similar condition

CPACC Exam Review Questions and
Answers with Complete Solutions
This model defines disability in terms of biological impairments. Disability is
viewed as a problem that is caused by diagnosed genetic disorders, disease,
trauma, or other health conditions. Disability is treated as a biological problem
that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with professional medical
care. – Answer Medical Model
These are strengths of which disability model?
can address biological sources of disabilities by:

• clinically curing
• providing ways to medically manage conditions – Answer Medical Model
  These are weaknesses of which disability model?
  treats disability as a “problem” or inherent characteristic of the individual seeks
  cures or management of bodily condition, often overlooking broader sociopolitical
  constraints imposed by unwelcoming or inaccessible environments – Answer
  Medical Model
  In this model, the issue of “disability” is a socially created problem and a matter of
  the full integration of individuals into society. Not an attribute of an individual, but
  rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social
  environment.
  Management of the problem of “disability” is the collective responsibility of
  society at large to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full
  participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life.
  Equal access is a human rights issue which requires large-scale social change. –
  Answer Social Model

These are strengths of which disability model?

• Empowers people with disabilities by removing the stigma often associated with
  physical impairments. The expectation is that society will create inclusive
  environments, and not that people with disabilities need to accept a lower quality
  of life simply because their bodies do not conform to “normal” expectations.
• It also empowers designers of physical and virtual environments to think broadly
  about usability for all kinds of humans.
• The big picture with this model is that society can be more welcoming, more
  just, with a higher quality of life for all, if we make the effort to design with
  accessibility in mind. – Answer Social Model
  These are weaknesses of which disability model?
• This model can de-emphasize the physical reality of a disability too much.
• Downplays embodied aspects of disabilities too much
• Push for social justice in political arena puts activists at odds with people with
  other political interests, sometimes resulting in political adversaries – Answer
  Social Model
  This model recognizes that disability is a complex and multi-faceted concept and
  incorporates the perspectives of the medical and social models. This includes the
  biological, individual, and social aspects of disability. – Answer Biopsychosocial
  Model
  In this model, disability is defined as a person’s inability to participate in work.
  This model views disabilities from the perspective of the economic impact of the
  disability on individuals, employers, the state, and welfare programs.
  It assesses the degree the impairment affects an individual’s productivity and the
  economic consequences for the individual/employer/state.

Directly related to charity/tragedy model – Answer Economic Model
These are strengths of which disability model?
Recognizes effect of bodily limitations on ability to work, resulting in possible need
for economic support and/or accommodations for the disability. – Answer
Economic Model
These are weaknesses of which disability model?

• Creates a legally-defined and stigmatizing category for “needy” people.
• If a person doesn’t meet the “disabled” legal threshold (or if disability is under
  dispute), person may not receive the support they need – Answer Economic
  Model
  This model is a practical perspective that identifies limitations due to disability
  with the intent to create and promote solutions to overcome said limitations.
  The goal of this model is to reduce or eliminate impact of functional limitations
  through technological or methodological innovation.
  It pragmatically deemphasizes sociopolitical aspects and prioritizes inventiveness
  and entrepreneurship. – Answer Functional Solutions Model
  These are strengths of which disability model?
• Results-oriented
• Seeks to provide solutions to real-world challenges
• Sidesteps the often convoluted sociopolitical implications of disability within
  society – Answer Functional Solutions Model
  These are weaknesses of which disability model?
• Some solutions may be innovative but not practical or useful
• May benefit innovators more than target population (especially expensive
  solutions)
• If primary barrier of challenge is socioeconomic circumstances in the
  environment, the deemphasis on socioeconomic issues could cause innovators to
  ignore the most important aspects of the original problem – Answer
  Functional Solutions Model
  This model refers to a sense of driving one’s personal identity belonging to a
  group of like-minded individual.
  Most evident among deaf people with their shared linguistic experience and being
  part of a close-knit linguistic minority. – Answer Social Identity/Cultural
  Affiliation Model
  These are strengths of which disability model?
• Accepts the person’s disability completely
• Uses disability as a point of pride in being association with similar people –
  Answer Social Identity/Cultural Affiliation Model
  These are weaknesses of which disability model?
• Strongly identifying with other people with disabilities may partly be a result of
  feeling excluded from the rest of society.
• Sense of belonging could be counterbalanced by a sense of exclusion by people
  who don’t quite fit the group expectation. – Answer Social Identity/Cultural
  Affiliation Model
  This model regards people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of outside
  assistance.
  Charity providers viewed as benevolent contributors to a needy population. –
  Answer Charity Model)

CPACC Prep | 173 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Answers 2023-2024
What is the medical model of disability? – Answer It presumes that disability
is based on the condition a person has and that the appropriate response is to
treat/cure/manage it with professional help
What is a weakness/problem with the medical model of disability? – Answer It
neglects the social/environmental aspects of disability
What is the social model of disability? – Answer It argues that disability is a
socially created problem caused by a collection of social/environmental issues, not
the individual
What is a weakness/problem with the social model of disability? – Answer It
neglects the physical aspects of disability
What is the biopsychosocial model of disability? – Answer Formulated by the
WHO in 2002, it synthesizes the medical and social models by considering the
interplay of social, individual, and physical conditions.
What is the economic model? – Answer It defines disability as a person’s
inability to work. It assess the degree to which the condition affects individual’s
productivity, employer profits, and government welfare payments.
What is the functional solutions model? – Answer It focuses on the the
limitations/impairments a disability causes, and seeks to provide solutions to
them via innovation and entrepreneurship.
What is a weakness/problem with the functional solutions model? – Answer It
puts little emphasis on the sociopolitical emphasis
Social Identity/Cultural Affiliation Model – Answer It frames disability as a
point of pride, something one can use to seek community with others in.

What is a weakness/problem of the social identity model? – Answer It can
lead to feelings of exclusion due to in/out group thinking
What is the charity model? – Answer It presents those with disabilities as
unfortunate and needy, while those who help them are kind and generous.
What is a strength/positive to the charity model? – Answer It can lead to time
and resources being given to those that need the help
What is a weakness of the charity model? – Answer It can be condescending
and stigmatizing to those who are more self-capable
What are visual disabilities? – Answer A set of conditions that affect one’s
visual perception in some way, whether total or complete blindness or color
blindness
What are barriers that those with a visual disability might experience? –
Answer Lack of alt text for images
Lack of audio format for printed material
No redundancy coding
Lack of audio descriptions for video
What are auditory disabilities? – Answer A set of conditions that affect one’s
perception of sound that can range from partial to total hearing loss, or central
auditory processing disorder
What are barriers that those with an auditory disability might experience? –
Answer Lack of sign language interpreters, lack of captions or transcripts,
interfaces that require voice input
What is deaf-blindness? – Answer A rare condition where someone could be
near/totally deaf and blind, requiring touch to be their primary mode of
interaction

What are barriers that an individual who is deaf-blind might experience? –
Answer Lack of printed braille, lack of physical sign language interpreter, lack
of output for a braille keyboard
What are speech disabilities? – Answer Disorders that range from mild slurred
speech to an inability to speak at all.
What are examples of speech disabilities? – Answer Articulation disorders,
aphasia, mutism/no speech.
What are three categories of articulation disorders? – Answer Speech sound,
phonological process and motor speech
What are speech sound disorders? – Answer When mistakes continue past a
certain age
What are phonological process disorders? – Answer When there are patterns
of not saying words correctly
What are motor speech disorders? – Answer When there is trouble moving
the required muscles for speaking
What is aphasia? – Answer The impairment of language that affects the
production and comprehension of language, as well as the ability to read and
write.
What is mutism? – Answer The inability to speak and can be caused by
physical injury or psychological/emotional trauma.
What are barriers someone with a speech disability might experience? –
Answer Lack of text based alternatives for speech communication
What are mobility, flexibility, and body structure disorders? – Answer These
disabilities include people with upper and lower limb loss, challenges in dexterity,
difficulty coordinating different organs, or a broken skeletal structure, as well as
those who have trouble with purposeful and independent body movements

IAAP CPACC Certification: Accessibility
and Universal Design | 151 Questions
and Answers
What is the biggest and most important benefit of accessibility? – Answer It improves
people’s lives, and makes life easier for people with disabilities
What are the benefits of accessibility for businesses? (6) – Answer 1. Improves public
perception

2. Increases compatibility for web-enabled devices
3. Improves Search Engine Optimization
4. Increases your customer base
5. Increases your eligibility for funding
6. Helps you avoid lawsuits
   What are the benefits of accessibility for people without disabilities? (3) – Answer 1.
   Accessible designs improve access for all
7. There is less burden on family members and helpers
8. There is an opportunity to befriend more people with disabilities
   What are the main web accessibility principles? (4) – Answer 1. Perceivable
9. Operable
10. Understandable
11. Robust
    What is the definition of the perceivable web accessibility principle? – Answer The ability to
    perceive web content through at least one of your biological senses, with the focus being on
    sight, sound, and touch
    How does someone perceive web content via sight? – Answer They look at it and the brain
    translates the visual stimulus into meaningful information; works well for those with good vision
    but not so well for those who do not
    How does someone perceive web content via sound? – Answer Screen reader software can
    convert digital text into synthesized speech; it is a fundamentally different experience to access
    the web in this way, but not necessarily bad
    How does someone perceive web content via touch? – Answer Screen readers can convert
    digital text, including audio transcripts, into Braille

What can you use to make dynamic interactions accessible using digital text? – Answer
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA)
Why is the perceivable web accessibility principle important? – Answer People can’t access
content unless they know it’s there and making sure users know what’s on the web page means
you know they are able to access it
What is the definition of the operable web accessibility principle? – Answer Making the
input methods of web content functionality available to a wide range of input devices,
including: mouse or touch pad, keyboard, touchscreen, voice recognition software, and other
specialized input devices
What is the goal of the operable web accessibility principle? – Answer To allow all features
to work, no matter what input device a person is using
What are the components of the operable web accessibility principle? (4) – Answer 1.
Navigating into web components

2. Using features within them
3. Navigating through them
4. Navigating out of them
   With Flash objects, what is the keyboard trap? – Answer Users are able to navigate into,
   within, and through a Flash object using a keyboard, but are unable to navigate out of them
   How can you script for device independence? (3) – Answer 1. Use device-independent event
   handlers, such as onfocus, onblur and onselect, rather than device-specific event handlers such
   as onmouseover, onmouseout and ondblclick
5. If you need to use a device-specific event handler, include a redundant keyboard-specific
   event handler as well
6. Test the content in multiple ways and on touch screens
   When you create dynamic interactions, pay close attention to the location of the _
   . – Answer Programmatic focus When are session timeouts allowable? – Answer When the user is given sufficient warning and is able to navigate into, within, through and out of the notification You can accomplish near-universal operability of your web content by making it ___
   __. – Answer Keyboard accessible (but don’t ignore mouse users)
   What is the definition of the understandable web accessibility principle? – Answer Making
   content and interfaces people can comprehend

CPACC Exam – Types of Disabilities | 45 Questions
and Answers with Complete Answers
Color-blindness – Answer a variety of disorders marked by inability to
distinguish some or all colors
Protanopia/protanomaly and deuteranopia/deuteranomaly – Answer redgreen color blindness
Tritanopia/Tritanomaly – Answer blue-yellow color blindness
Monochromacy (Achromatopsia) – Answer black-and-white vision
Color-blindness – Answer Demographics 8% of males, 0.4% of females
Blindness – Answer Fully or nearly complete vision loss.
Blindness – Answer Demographics: 0.5%; 90% low income, and 82% aged 50+
Low vision – Answer Impairs a person’s vision to the point that corrective
lenses cannot restore full visual acuity; threshold for classification designated as a
corrected visual acuity of no better than 20/40 or 20/60.
AT for low vision – Answer Screen magnifiers, screen readers, increase
contrast, increase size of mouse pointer and keyboard caret.
Low vision – Answer Demographics: 3.5%; 90% in low income settings
Deafness and hard-of-hearing – Answer total or near total loss of hearing; and
partially impaired hearing in one or both ears
AT for deafblindness – Answer Transcripts for video or audio converted to
Braille, tactile sign language interpretation.

AT for Deafness and hard-of-hearing – Answer Hearing aids, cochlear implants,
captions for videos, transcripts for video or audio, sign language interpretation
Deafness and hard of hearing – Answer Demographics: About 2% of adults
aged 45 to 54 have disabling limitations from this impairment. This percentage
increases to 8.5% for adults between 55 and 64, 25% for adults between 65 and
74, and 50% for adults 75 and older.
Deafblindness – Answer Full or partial visual and full or partial aural loss
Mobility disabilities – Answer Are characterized by loss of movement, may be
caused by injury or disease.
Dyspraxia – Answer Difficulty with planing movements, especially complex or
new movements
Dysgraphia – Answer A learning disability that involves difficulty in
handwriting.
dyslexia – Answer impairment of the ability to read
Dyscalculia – Answer unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a
distinct part of the brain
AT for mobility disabilities – Answer Modified inputs (i.e., mouses and
keyboards), dictation software, specialized or alternate inputs (i.e., mouthstick,
custom inputs)
Cognitive Disabilities – Answer disabilities that affects self-help skills and the
way the brain processes info, caused by a condition or injury
Intellectual disability – Answer significant limitations in both intellectual
functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and
practical skills; originates before the age of 18.

IAAP CPACC Study Guide | 67 Questions and
Answers (Updated 2023-2024)
Medical Model of Disability – Answer Viewing disability as a problem of t he person, directly caused
by disease, trauma, or other health conditions which require sustained medical care.
Social Model of Disability – Answer Sees the issue of “disability” to be a socially created problem and
a matter of full integration of individuals into a society.
Economic Model of Disability – Answer Defines disability by an individuals inability to participate in
work.
Functional Solutions Model of Disability – Answer A practical perspective that identifies the
limitations due to disability with the intent to create and promote solutions to overcome those
limitations.
Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability (Social Identity Model) – Answer Refers to a sense of deriving
one’s personal identity from membership within a group of like-minded people.
Charity Model – Answer Regards people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of assistance
from the outside, with those providing charity viewed as benevolent contributors to a needy population.
Color Blindness – Answer A sensory disability that impairs a person’s ability to distinguish certain
color combinations.
Blindness – Answer Sensory disability resulting in near complete loss of vision.
Low Vision – Answer A sensory disability that impairs a person’s vision past the point that corrective
lenses can restore past 20/40 or 20/60.
Deafness – Answer The total or near loss of hearing.

Hard of Hearing – Answer Partially impaired hearing in one or both ears.
DeafBlindness – Answer The absence of both vision and hearing. Severely limits the sensory input
possibilities of the individual to just touch, smell, and taste.
Manual Dexterity/ Fine Motor Control – Answer Limited motor/manual dexterity may cause difficulty
with:
-Using equipment at work or school
-Communicating using emails, web, or blogs
-Storage and organization of data
-Using computer programs
-Engaging with elearning
Dyspraxia – Answer A specific learning difficulty that affects the brain’s ability to plan sequences of
movement.
Ambulation – Answer Physical and permanent disability to such a degree that the person is unable to
move from place to place without the aid of a wheelchair.
Intellectual Disability – Answer A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual
functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills.
Adaptive Behavior – Answer The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned
and performed by people in their everyday lives.
Social Skills – Answer Self-esteem, gullibility, naivete, social problem solving, and the ability to follow
rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.
Conceptual Skills – Answer Language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts, and selfdirection.

CPACC Exam Prep | 25 Questions and Answers
Universal Design Principles – Answer 1997 Ronald Mace and other architects as NC State Univ.
created the seven principles of UD for physical/industrial design but they have been adapted to other
areas like web.
UD Principle One: Equitable Use – Answer The design of the product or environment should be
useful and marketable to everyone regardless of his or her abilities. If possible, everyone should be able
to use the environment or product in the same manner. If identical uses are not provided, then
equivalent options should be provided.
UD Principle Two: Flexibility in Use – Answer The design of the product or environment should
provide people with a variety of options for use of its features. The environment or product should be
adaptable to an individual’s preferences and abilities.
UD Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use – Answer The purpose of the product or environment’s
features should be easy to understand. A person’s background, language, or experience should not
hinder his or her understanding of how to use the product or navigate the environment.
UD Principle Four: Perceptible Information – Answer Information about the product or
environment’s design should be communicated effectively and should be perceivable to everyone. A
person’s sensory abilities should not hinder him or her from receiving information. Information should
be presented in different formats to increase effective communication to individuals with diverse
abilities.
UD Principle Five: Tolerance for Error – Answer The design of the product or environment should
reduce the chances of accidents or hazards from occurring. The design should also anticipate any
unintentional actions that may occur during use.
UD Principle Six: Low Physical Effort – Answer The design of the product or environment should
require little to no physical effort to use. A person should be able to use the product or navigate the
environment comfortably without feeling fatigued during use or after use.

CPACC Practice | 74 Questions and Answers
100% Verified | Updated 2023-2024
Which of the following is true about the medical model of disability?
A. The medical model of disability looks to eliminate barriers and limitations
through innovative solutions
B. The medical model of disability views people with disabilities as victims of their
conditions and pities them
C. The medical model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of
disability
D. The medical model of disability takes into account the impact of a person’s
physical environment – Answer C. The medical model of disability focuses
solely on the biological aspects of disability
Which model of disability argues that disability is more of a result of inaccessible
environments?
A. Social model
B. Functional Solutions model
C. Social Identity model
D. Charity/Tragedy Model – Answer A. Social model
A weakness of the social identity/cultural affiliation of disability model is:
A. It could be patronizing towards people with disabilities
B. It may be a result of people with disabilities feeling excluded from society
C. It places less emphasis on the physical aspects of disability

D. It places too much emphasis on finding a cure for disabilities – Answer B. It
may be a result of people with disabilities feeling excluded from society
A strength of the functional solutions model is:
A. It recognizes the biological limitations of individuals with disabilities and seeks
to treat those limitations.
B. It acknowledges that society that can be more welcoming and inclusive.
C. It brings together people with disabilities who share common life experiences.
D. It looks realistic, beneficial solutions through creativity and innovation –
Answer D. It looks for realistic, beneficial solutions through creativity and
innovation
Which is NOT an example of assistive technology that helps with using the
Internet?
A. Screen readers
B. Screen magnifiers
C. Refreshable braille devices
D. Wheelchair
E. Mouth stick – Answer D. Wheelchair
True or False: Screen readers will interpret color-coded text and announce
changes in color – Answer False
Which of the following is NOT a method for making text more readable for
someone with low vision?
A. Zoom or magnify text on the screen
B. Use synchronized video captions
C. Change text and background colors for better contrast

D. Use a screen reader – Answer B. Use synchronized video captions
Which type of disability is the most common?
A. Blindness or low vision
B. Colorblindness
C. Auditory disabilities
D. Motor disabilities
E. Cognitive disabilities – Answer E. Cognitive disabilites
The most important consideration for designing web content for someone with
motor disabilities is the inability to use:
A. The hands
B. The legs
C. The eyes
D. The mouth – Answer A. The hands
True or False: Unaided Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
systems rely on the use of electronic tools. – Answer False
This type of speech disability is characterized by involuntary repetition or
disruption of speech sounds:
A. Apraxia
B. Stuttering
C. Cluttering
D. Dysarthria – Answer B. Stuttering
True or False: Depression is a brain disorder that causes a person to experience
both happy and sad feelings. – Answer False
Which of the following disorders can cause a person to experience hallucinations
and delusions?
A. Positive schizophrenia
B. Depression

CPACC Exam Key Statistics Questions and
Answers
What Percentage of the World Population Has a Disability? – Answer 10-20%. Depending on the
survey methodology, definition of the word “disability,” and other factors.
Of the approximately 7 billion people on the planet, how many have disabilities based on this known
statistic? – Answer About 700 million to 1.4 billion have disabilities.
Disability Incidence by Country/Region: Canada percentage for 2006? – Answer 14.3%
Disability Incidence by Country/Region: Canada percentage for 2001? – Answer 12.5%
Disability Incidence by Country/Region: USA percentage for 2012? – Answer 12.1%
Disability Incidence by Country/Region: USA percentage for 2002? – Answer 18%
Disability Incidence by Country/Region: USA percentage for 2002? – Answer 16.6%
Disability Incidence by Country/Region: USA percentage for 2005? – Answer 19%
Differences in How “Disability” is Defined? – Answer There are many different ways to define the
concept of “disability” and the surveys used to collect disability statistics don’t all use the same
definition. In fact, the definitions vary widely. Narrow definitions will result in smaller percentages of
people reporting a disability. Broader definitions will result in larger percentages.
Explain the differences in Data Collection Methods for identifying people with disabilities? – Answer
Some surveys rely on individuals to report their own disabilities. Others rely on observations or data
collection activities by the people administering the survey. These collection methods can cause wide
variance in the results.

CPACC Exam Prep Questions and Answers
100% verified
The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals effectively,
efficiently, and with satisfaction in a specified context of use is the definition of which design framework?
A. Accessibility
B. Universal design
C. Usability and user experience design
D. Inclusive design – Answer C. Usability and user experience design
“Usability and user experience design is about designing products to be effective, efficient, and
satisfying. Specifically, ISO defines usability as the ‘extent to which a product can be used by specified
users to achieve specified goals effectively, efficiently, and with satisfaction in a specified context of use.”
ISO 9241-11
A main difference between usability and accessibility is:
A. Accessibility forces designers to create dull websites.
B. Usability is completely subjective while accessibility is completely objective.
C. Usability is purely a design function and accessibility is purely technical function.
D. Accessibility requires testing for disabled users and their assistive technology. – Answer D.
Accessibility requires testing for disabled users and their assistive technology.
Combining accessibility standards and usability processes with real people ensures that web design is
technically and functionally usable by people with disabilities known as:
A. Universal design for learning
B. Section 508
C. Accessible user experience (UX)
D. Universal design – Answer C. Accessible user experience (UX)

If Section 508 deals specifically with the federal government in the US, why do private institutions utilize
VPATs in their own procurement processes?
A. Those private institutions may receive federal funding.
B. VPAT lays out an effective process for ensuring ICT accessibility.
C. To meet the requirements of Section 504.
D. The federal government actively regulates the space of ICT accessibility. – Answer B. VPAT lays out
an effective process for ensuring ICT accessibility.
Which of the following is a key aspect of the European Accessibility Act?
A. It references the WCAG guidelines to ensure conformance to a global standard of ICT accessibility.
B. It expands on the EU’s Web Accessibility Directive 2016/2102 to provide comprehensive accessibility
requirements.
C. It requires learning materials to follow UDL principles.
D. It covers products and services identified as most important for people with disabilities. – Answer
D. It covers products and services identified as most important for people with disabilities.
If a person has a visual acuity of 20 / 2000 or less in better eye with correction and 85 dB hearing loss,
but not total loss of both, they likely identify as having which disability?
A. HoH
B. Blindness
C. d/Deafness
D. Deafblindness – Answer D. Deafblindness
For users with cognitive disabilities, what would be the most beneficial design approach for navigational
elements on a webpage.
A. Use menus or other text that appears and disappears when mouse moves over it.
B. Avoid using structured content organized by headings.

CPACC: Universal Design for Learning
Questions and Answers
What does the Engagement principle address? – Answer Provide multiple means of Engagement
(Affective Networks: The “WHY” of learning)
Instructors should provide options for:

• Recruiting learners’ interest
• Learners to sustain their efforts
• Learners to self-regulate
  Affect represents a crucial element to learning, and learners differ markedly in the ways in which they
  can be engaged or motivated to learn. There are a variety of sources that can influence individual
  variation in affect including neurology, culture, personal relevance, subjectivity, and background
  knowledge, along with a variety of other factors. Some learners are highly engaged by spontaneity and
  novelty while others are disengaged, even frightened, by those aspects, preferring strict routine. Some
  learners might like to work alone, while others prefer to work with their peers. In reality, there is not one
  means of engagement that will be optimal for all learners in all contexts; providing multiple options for
  engagement is essential.
  What are the checkpoints of the Engagement guideline: Recruiting Interest? – Answer “Spark
  excitement and curiosity for learning.”
  CHECKPOINT 7.1
  Optimize individual choice and autonomy
  CHECKPOINT 7.2
  Optimize relevance, value, and authenticity
  CHECKPOINT 7.3
  Minimize threats and distractions

What are the checkpoints of the Engagement guideline: Sustaining Effort & Persistence? – Answer
“Tackle challenges with focus and determination.”
CHECKPOINT 8.1
Heighten salience of goals and objectives
CHECKPOINT 8.2
Vary demands and resources to optimize challenge
CHECKPOINT 8.3
Foster collaboration and community
CHECKPOINT 8.4
Increase mastery-oriented feedback
What are the checkpoints of the Engagement guideline: Self Regulation? – Answer “Harness the
power of emotions and motivation in learning.”
CHECKPOINT 9.1
Promote expectations and beliefs that optimize motivation
CHECKPOINT 9.2
Facilitate personal coping skills and strategies
CHECKPOINT 9.3
Develop self-assessment and reflection
What does the Representation principle address? – Answer Provide multiple means of
Representation
(Recognition Networks: The “WHAT” of learning)
Instructors should provide options for:

• Perception through different modalities
• Language and symbols
  

CPACC Study Guide Questions and Answers
with Complete Solutions
Which statements are true? (Select all that apply) – Answer The Internet is an important part of the
solution for disability access.
Who uses assistive technology? (Select all that apply) – Answer People who wear glasses or contact
lenses
People who wear hearing aids
People with motor disabilities
The medical model of disability: (Select all that apply) – Answer Focuses solely on biological aspects
of disability
Seeks to “cure” disabilities via medical technologies
Which model of disability argues that disability is more of a result of inaccessible environments? –
Answer Social Model
A weakness of the social identity/cultural affiliation of disability model is: – Answer It may be a result
of people with disabilities feeling excluded from society.
A strength of the functional solutions model is: – Answer It looks for realistic, beneficial solutions
through creativity and innovation.
Which is NOT an example of assistive technology that helps with using the Internet? – Answer
Wheelchair

IAAP CPACC Certification: Disabilities, Challenges,
and Assistive Technologies 100% Correct
About how many people have a disability? – Answer One in five people, or
about 20 percent
What is the medical theoretical model of disability? – Answer Viewing
disability in terms of biological impairments; a problem caused by genetic
disorders, disease, trauma or other health conditions. Disability is treated as a
biological problem that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with
professional medical care
What are the strengths of the medical theoretical model of disability? (2) –
Answer 1. Acknowledges that there is a biological condition placing
individuals with disabilities at a disadvantage

2. Creates a set of clearly-defined biological criteria for medical treatment and
   government assistance
   What are the weaknesses of the medical theoretical model of disability? (4) –
   Answer 1. Overlooks the impact of the social environment on a person with a
   disability
3. Makes disability a characteristic, labeling the person as different from the rest
   of the population
4. Excludes those with disabilities who do not fit into the defined criteria, meaning
   they might not be able to receive the care and benefits they need
5. Makes people have to prove their disability in order to receive the necessary
   care and benefits
   What is the social theoretical model of disability? – Answer Viewing disability
   as an avoidable condition caused by poor design in society. Acknowledges there is
   a medical or biological component, while stressing more inclusive designs could
   remove barriers for people with disabilities.
   What are the strengths of the social theoretical model of disability? (2) –
   Answer 1. Empowers individuals with disabilities by removing the stigma;

assumes society will create an inclusive environment, not that people with
disabilities need to accept a lower quality of life

2. Empowers designers of physical and virtual environments to think about
   usability for everyone, resulting in better designs overall
   What are the weaknesses of the social theoretical model of disability? (1) –
   Answer 1. Ignores the physical reality of having a disability; accepting and
   owning one’s disability can be healthy, both emotionally and psychologically
   What is the functional solutions theoretical model of disability? – Answer
   Viewing disability as a series of impairments or limitations and the solutions to
   eradicate or reduce these limitations through technology or methodology
   What are the strengths of the functional solutions theoretical model of disability?
   (1) – Answer 1. Focuses on ideas, technologies, and innovations which benefit
   people with disabilities and improve their lives
   What are the weaknesses of the functional solutions theoretical model of
   disability? (1) – Answer 1. Misses opportunities to address larger social
   context which might make a solution obsolete because it focuses too much on
   creating practical technological solutions
   What is the social identity or cultural affiliation theoretical model of disability? –
   Answer Viewing disability as a personal identity through communicating with
   others who share similar life experiences based on their disability; can be
   particularly strong among people are deaf and use sign language
   What are the strengths of the social identity or cultural affiliation theoretical
   model of disability? (2) – Answer 1. Accepts the disability as an important part
   of one’s emotional and psychological well-being
3. Gains political strength through alliances and advocacy networks
   What are the weaknesses of the social identity or cultural affiliation theoretical
   model of disability? (2) – Answer 1. Does not serve as a useful basis for
   technical definitions of disability because groups of people with different
   disabilities or no disabilities might consider themselves part of the same social
   group

IAAP CPACC Certification | 77 questions and
Answers with complete Solutions | Graded A+
What are the 5 main models of disability? – Answer 1. Medical Model

2. Social Model
3. Functional Solutions Model
4. Social Identity Model
5. Charity/Tragedy Model
   Medical Model of Disability definition – Answer The model defines disability in terms of biological
   impairments. Disability is viewed as a problem that is caused by medically-diagnosed condition
   Medical Model Strengths and Weaknesses – Answer Strengths:
   -helps define medical diagnoses and treatment
   -helps define who receives government assistance
   Weaknesses:

• frequently criticized model
  -focusing on biology of person overlooks impact of design decisions in social environment
• makes disability a characteristic of the person, essentially labeling and stigmatizing person as less than
  -people who do not fit within clearly defined definition may be denied benefits they need
  Social Model Definition – Answer The model says that society creates disabling conditions and that
  disability is an avoidable condition caused by poor design
  Social Model Strengths and Weaknesses – Answer Strengths:
  -empowers people with disabilities
  -expects that society will create inclusive environments
  -empowers designers to think about usability for all people
  Weaknesses:
  -some say that the model de-emphasizes the physical reality of disability too much
  -model doesn’t allow people to accept and own their disability
  Functional Solutions Model – Answer Model focuses on applying innovative solutions to overcome
  the limitations created by disabilities. Models approach is used by accessibility professionals
  Functional Solutions Model Strengths and Weaknesses – Answer Strengths:
  -emphasizes creating accessible environments and getting things done instead of focusing on theory
  Weaknesses:
  -sometimes people focus so much on the solution that they miss the opportunity to address larger social
  context.
• addressing larger social context can make a solution obsolete

Social Identity Model – Answer This model says people with disabilities can develop a sense of
personal identity from the shared experiences people with disabilities have. These people develop a
sense of culture based on the shared experiences. Example: Deaf Culture
Social Identity Model Strengths and Weaknesses – Answer Strengths:

• definition helps empower and accept people with disabilities
  -forming alliances/social groups means more political power
  Weaknesses:
• doesn’t serve as good technical definition of disability, bc people with different types of disabilities
  mingle
• strongly identifying with other people with disabilities could be a result from being excluded from rest
  of society
  Charity/Tragedy Model – Answer Model defines disability as a tragedy or unfortunate condition
  worthy of special treatment. People take pity on people with disabilities and set up charity events to try
  and improve conditions of disabled person
  Charity/Tragedy Model Strengths and Weaknesses – Answer Strengths:
  -Model can make people without disabilities more empathetic towards people with disabilities and make
  them genuinely want to help
  Weakness:
  -Model creates unequal social and political relationships between people, which can slow down progress
  for people with disabilities as a whole
  Which of the following is true about the medical model of disability?
  A. The medical model of disability looks to eliminate barriers and limitations through innovative
  solutions.
  B. The medical model of disability views people with disabilities as victims of their conditions and pities
  them.
  C. The medical model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability.
  D. The medical model of disability takes into account the impact of a person’s physical environment. –
  Answer C. The medical model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability
  Which model of disability argues that disability is more of a result of inaccessible environments?
  A. Social model
  B. Functional Solutions model
  C. Social Identity model
  D. Charity/Tragedy model – Answer A. Social Model
  A weakness of the social identity/cultural affiliation of disability model is:
  A. It could be patronizing towards people with disabilities.
  B. It may be a result of people with disabilities feeling excluded from society.

CPACC | 63 Questions and Answers
100% correct
Strengths of medical model – Answer Addresses biological sources of disabilities, focuses effort on
clinically curing disabilities
Weaknesses of the medical model – Answer Disability is a problem for the individual, and places
onus on individual to manage their medical condition
Strengths of social model – Answer Shows that barriers are not inevitable, society can change to
accommodate.
Weakness of social model – Answer Downplay embodied aspects of disabilities, and can create
political strife
Economic model strengths – Answer Recognizes limits on someone’s earning power because of a
disaiblity
Economic model weaknesses – Answer Makes people with disabilities seem needy, and can create
boundaries that are unnecessary for getting support
Functional model strengths – Answer Identifies limitations due to disability and tries to promote
solutions to the limitations. Very results driven. Avoids sociopolitical nuances
Weakness of functional model – Answer Profit driven, sometimes not practical or useful, ignores
sociopolitical nuances
Strengths of social identity model – Answer Accepts disability completely, takes pride in it
Weakness of social identity model – Answer Can create sense of exclusion, if you don’t quite fit the
requirements to be included in the group

Strength of charity model – Answer Encourages donations and volunteering
Weakness of charity model – Answer Condescending, encourages pity and focuses on short term
solutions
Disabilities included in vision – Answer Color Blindness, Blindness, Low vision
Solutions for colorblindness – Answer Designing materials that don’t rely on color, using filtered
glasses/screen filters
Assistive technologies for blindness – Answer screen readers, braille, white canes, service animals
Low vision definition – Answer Impairs vision to point that corrective lenses can’t restore full vision,
impairment isn’t severe enough to be blindness. Corrected visual acuity of no better than 20/40 or
20/60. Could need magnification, might experience low contrast/color deficiencies
Assistive Tech for Low Vision – Answer Screen magnifiers, screen readers, increased contrast, larger
size of mouse/ keyboard
Auditory disabilities – Answer Deafness, HOH
Deafness definition – Answer People born deaf might have sign language as their first language
Assistive Tech for Deafness – Answer Hearing aids, cochlear implants, captions for videos, transcripts
for video or audio, sign language
Hard of hearing definition – Answer One or more parts of ear has a problem that limits/interrupts
how sound travels through hearing system

CPACC | 296 Updated Questions and
Answers 100% Verified | Graded A+
Medical Model – Answer View of disability as a problem of person, directly
caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which requires sustained
medical care/individual treatment by professionals. Aimed at cure. Politically,
principle response is that of modifying/reforming health care policy
Pros of Medical Model – Answer Address biological sources of disabilities,
either by clinically curing or providing ways to medically manage conditions.
Cons of Medical Model – Answer Treats disability as a problem or inherent
characteristic of the individual. Seeks a cure or medical mgmt of a bodily
condition, often overlooking broader sociopolitical constraints imposed by
unwelcoming/inaccessible environments
Social Model – Answer View of disability as a socially-created problem and a
matter of the full integration of individuals into society. Disability is is not an
attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of
which created by social environment. Mgmt requires social action and is
responsibility of society to make environ modifications necessary for full
participation of disabled people in all areas of social life. Cultural and ideological,
requires individ., community, and large-scale social change. Human rights issue
Pros of Social Model – Answer Focus on disabling conditions in environment
and society makes it clear that barriers experienced by people w/ disabilities are
not inevitable, nor exclusively a characteristic of individual’s “broken” body
Cons of Social Model – Answer Can downplay embodied aspects of disabilities
too much as if it had nothing to do with bodily characteristics at all. Can also put
activists at odds with people with other political interests
Biopsychosocial Model – Answer View of disability which synthesizes medical
and social models. ICF is based on this model (which provides a coherent view of
different perspectives of health: biological, individual, and social)

Economic Model – Answer View of disability which defines disability by a
person’s inability to participate in work. Assesses the degree to which impairment
affects an individ’s productivity and the economic consequences for the individ,
employer, and state. Loss of earnings, payment for assistance, lower profit
margins for employer, state welfare payments. Directly related to charity model
Economic Model Pros – Answer Recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on
a person’s ability to work, and there may be need for economic
support/accommodations for the person’s disability
Economic Model Cons – Answer Creates a legally defined category of people
who are needy (stigmatizing). If a person doesn’t meet legal threshold for
disabled, or dispute, person with disability may not receive support
Functional Solutions Model – Answer View of disability that is a practical
perspective that identifies the limitations (functional impairments) due to
disability, with the intent to create and promote solutions to overcome
limitations. Primary task to eliminate/reduce impact of functional limitations of
the body through technological or methodological innovation. Pragmatism of
model deemphasizes sociopolitical aspects of disability, and prioritizes
inventiveness and entrepreneurship
Functional Solutions Model Pros – Answer Results-oriented. Seeks to provide
solutions to real-world challenges, while sidestepping often-convoluted
sociopolitical implications of disability within society
Functional Solutions Model Cons – Answer Profit-driven entrepreneurs can
sometimes miss the mark, creating innovative products that may not be practical
or useful, or which may be of more benefit to the innovators than to the target
population, especially if proposed solutions are expensive. De-emphasis on
socioeconomic issues can cause innovators to ignore most important aspects of
original problem
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model – Answer View of disability which
refers to a sense of deriving one’s personal identity from membership within a
group of like-minded individuals. Most evident among deaf because of shared

linguistic experience as sign language users. Close-knit linguistic minority.
Common life experiences and interests
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model Pros – Answer Accepts person’s
disability completely and uses it as a point of pride in being associated with other
people in a similar condition
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model Cons – Answer Sense of belonging
felt by one group of people can be counterbalanced by a feeling of exclusion by
people who don’t fit group’s expectations
Charity Model – Answer View of disability which regards people with
disabilities as unfortunate and in need of outside assistance, with those providing
it viewed as benevolent contributors to a needy population
Charity Model Pros – Answer Can inspire people to contribute their
time/resources to provide assistance when it is genuinely needed
Charity Model Cons – Answer Can be condescending toward people with
disabilities, who may resent feeling of being object of pity, and that they must
depend on accepting pity on continual basis. Often focuses on short-term,
immediate needs, often at the expense of more comprehensive, effective, longterm solutions
Visual disabilities – Answer Sensory disabilities that can range from some
amount of vision loss, loss of visual acuity, or increased/decreased sensitivity to
specific or bright colors, to complete or uncorrectable loss of vision in either or
both eyes
Blindness – Answer Sensory disability involving nearly complete vision loss
Blindness characteristics – Answer Some without ability to see anything
Some can perceive light vs. dark or general shapes of large objects but cannot
read text or recognize people by sight

How many people globally have a vision impairment or blindness? – Answer
2.2 billion people
How many people have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or
has yet to be addressed? – Answer At least 1 billion. Includes those with
moderate or severe distance vision impairment or blindness due to unaddressed
refractive error, as well as near vision impairment caused by unaddressed
presbyopia
What is the age of the majority of people with vision impairment? – Answer
Over 50 years of age
What are the leading causes of vision impairment? – Answer Uncorrected
refractive errors and cataracts
Color blindness – Answer A sensory disability that impairs a person’s ability to
distinguish certain color combinations
Color blindness characteristics – Answer Affects individual’s ability to
distinguish reds and greens, although other colors may be affected
Most common form of color vision deficiency – Answer Red-green color vision
defects. Affects males more than females
Among populations with Northern European ancestry, what is red-green color
vision defect occurence in male vs. females? – Answer 1 in 12 males, 1 in 200
females
Blue-yellow color vision defects occurs in how many people worldwide? –
Answer Fewer than 1 in 10,000 people. Affects males and females equally
Blue cone monochromacy occurs in how many people worldwide? – Answer 1
in 100,000 people. Affects males more often than females

CPACC: Standards and Laws Questions
and Answers | Rated A+
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? – Answer Signed in 1948, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by
representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, it set out, for
the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
What is the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)? – Answer The Convention
follows decades of work by the United Nations to change attitudes and approaches to persons with
disabilities. It takes to a new height the movement from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of
charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing persons with disabilities as “subjects”
with rights, who are capable of claiming those rights and making decisions for their lives based on their
free and informed consent as well as being active members of society. The Convention is intended as a
human rights instrument with an explicit, social development dimension. It adopts a broad
categorization of persons with disabilities and reaffirms that all persons with all types of disabilities must
enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It clarifies and qualifies how all categories of rights
apply to persons with disabilities and identifies areas where adaptations have to be made for persons
with disabilities to effectively exercise their rights and areas where their rights have been violated, and
where protection of rights must be reinforced. The Convention was negotiated during eight sessions of
an Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly from 2002 to 2006, making it the fastest negotiated
human rights treaty.
What is the The Marrakesh Treaty? – Answer The purpose of the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate
Access to Published Works for Persons who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled is to
ensure that people who have vision or other print disabilities have access to books and other printed
materials. In its introduction to the treaty, the World Intellectual Property Organization states that:
The Marrakesh Treaty was adopted on June 27, 2013 in Marrakesh and it forms part of the body of
international copyright treaties administered by WIPO. It has a clear humanitarian and social
development dimension and its main goal is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for
the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print disabled (VIPs).
What is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union? – Answer The Charter of
Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) brings together the fundamental rights of
everyone living in the EU. It was introduced to bring consistency and clarity to the rights established at

different times and in different ways in individual EU Member States. The Charter sets out the full range
of civil, political, economic and social rights based on:

• The fundamental rights and freedoms recognised by the European Convention on Human Rights
• The constitutional traditions of the EU Member States, for example, longstanding protections of rights
  which exist in the common law and constitutional law of the UK and other EU Member States
• The Council of Europe’s Social Charter
• The Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers, and
• Other international conventions to which the EU or its Member States are parties.
  The Charter became legally binding on EU Member States when the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force
  in December 2009. Relevant articles include:
  Article 26: Integration of persons with disabilities The Union recognises and respects the right of persons
  with disabilities to benefit from measures designed to ensure their independence, social and
  occupational integration and participation in the life of the community.
  Article 21: Non-discrimination Any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic
  or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership
  of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
  What is the The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights? – Answer Although the Charter does
  not specify disability, Article 2 recognizes the rights of all persons:
  Article 2: Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognised and
  guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, colour, sex,
  language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or any status.
  What is the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons
  with Disabilities? – Answer Articles II and III of the Convention lay out the Convention’s objectives
  and how they will be achieved.
  Article II: The objectives of this Convention are to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination
  against persons with disabilities and to promote their full integration into society.

IAAP CPACC Certification – Post Exam
Questions and Answers | Graded A+ (With Best
Information) 2023-2024
Medical Model of Disability – Answer Presents a view that pairs the problem
of a person with direct link to the trauma, disease, or health condition
Medical Model of Disability Pros and Cons – Answer Pros: Addresses the
biological sources of disabilities and can provide ways to medically manage the
condition
Cons: Ignores the sociopolitical and environmental factors of disability; problem of
the individual
Social Model of Disability – Answer Disability is not a characteristic of the
individual but the conditions that the social environment creates that prohibit the
full integration of the individual.
Social Model of Disability Pros and Cons – Answer Pros: Focus on the disabling
conditions in the environment and clearing barriers that are disabling people from
using society in the way designed, the individual is not “broken”
Cons: Can downplay the embodied characteristics of disability, Can push disability
advocacy into a polarizing political space
Biophysical Model of Disability – Answer A combination of the social and
medical models to create a more complex and broad view of disability in order to
not diminish one aspect for another
Economic Model of Disability – Answer Defined by the individual not being
able to participate in work, ability or inability to contribute to the economy,
assessed by the loss in productivity and consequences for the individual,
employer, and economy; directly related to the charity model
Economic Model of Disability Pros and Cons – Answer Pros: Recognizes the
bodily limitations on work and that economic support may be needed

Cons: Creates a legally defined group of “needy” people which can be stigmatizing
and also leave people out that do not meet the legal threshold for disabled but
need support
Functional Solutions Model of Disability – Answer Identifications of the
limitations (“functional impairments”) that the disability creates with the intent to
find solutions to overcome those barriers and reduce the limitations through
innovation
Functional Solutions Model of Disability Pros and Cons – Answer Pros: Resultsoriented and seeks solutions to real problems without diving into the
sociopolitical implications, encourages innovation and entrepreneurship
Cons: Can shift cost burden to the person instead of the building or organization;
profit driven can cause organization to miss the target audience and usefulness,
can miss sociopolitical root cause
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability – Answer identity by
affiliation; deriving personal identity from membership in a like-minded group (eg.
Deaf Culture)
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability Pros and Cons – Answer
Pros: Accepts the disability completely and uses it as a point of pride
Cons: Can be negated or brought down by feeling excluded by not fitting the
groups expectations
Charity Model of Disability – Answer Sees those with disability as unfortunate
or needy and those that help as charitable and kind contributors
Charity Model of Disability Pros and Cons – Answer Pros: inspires generosity
Cons: condescending, person is an “object of pity”, Often short-term fixes that
sacrifice effective long-term solutions for the immediate effectiveness
Sociopolitical Model of Disability – Answer activist model that emphasizes the
need for human rights for people with disabilities
How many people have a disability? – Answer 20% or 1 in 5 have some kind of
disability

deaf – Answer the condition of deafness, the partial or total hearing loss a
person experiences from a medical perspective
Deaf – Answer Deaf Culture or Deaf Community
Cognitive Disabilities – Answer most common type of disability, can arise as a
result of congenital conditions that are with an individual from birth, or
developmental conditions that are with a person from a young age. They can also
result from traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances, or other conditions
later in life
Dyslexia and Reading Disabilities – Answer cognitive disabilities experience
difficulty reading. Some read at a lower level than their peers of the same age,
and some can’t read at all
5-17% of population, equally affects males and females
Math Disabilities – Answer Some people experience math anxiety, which is an
emotional or psychological fear that grips some people when confronted with
math problems
medical term(s);

• dyscalculia (congenital or from injury): inability to compute
• dysgraphia: inability to draw/chart
  affects 3-6% of the population
  Augmentative and Alternate Communication (AAC) – Answer – unaided: facial
  expressions, body lang.
• aided: pen, paper, electronics
• solutions to speech disorders
  Seizure Disabilities – Answer abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the
  brain that interfere with a person’s ability to process information or, in some
  cases, control voluntary muscle movement. Can be from physical reasons (drugs,
  dehydration, sleep, infections, fevers) or from flashing lights

CPACC Exam Preparation: Types of Disabilities
& Disability Statistics Preparation Exam | 100%
Correct
What criteria constitutes “legally blind” in the US? – Answer Visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective
lenses, or a field of vision that is 20 degrees in the eye that has the best vision
What are some assistive technologies that can aid blind people? – Answer – Screen readers

• Self-voicing interfaces
• Refreshable braille output device
• Canes
• Service animals
• Tactile controls and braille labels
  How would you define “low vision”? – Answer – Can see, but far from perfect, even with corrective
  lenses
• Might not be able to drive or read printed text without enlargement
  What are some assistive technologies that can aid people with low vision? – Answer – Screen readers
• Screen magnification
• Colour contrast adjustments
• Self-voicing interfaces
  What is the most prevalent kind of colour blindness? – Answer red/green
  What assistive technologies can aid deafblind people? – Answer – Refreshable braille display in
  combination with a screen reader

Describe the difference between “deaf” and “Deaf” – Answer – “deaf” refers to the condition

• “Deaf” refers to the culture/community/social identity
  In terms of people with total loss of hearing, what is meant by “AAC”? – Answer – Augmented or
  Alternative Communication
• e.g. sign language, communication boards
  What is “(C)APD”? – Answer – Central Auditory Processing Disorder
• Difficulty processing sounds or speech but no measurable hearing loss
• Challenges in interpreting and analysing what is heard
• ADP commonly confused with other disabilities like ADHD, learning difficulties
• Exact causes are unknown
  What should a transcript of a video include? – Answer – The spoken content
• Narration
• Important sounds like applause
  Why are video captions required as well as a transcript? – Answer – So the user can see how the
  content syncs up to the visual
  What are some examples of Mobility, Flexibility, and Body Structure Disabilities? – Answer – Missing
  limbs

CPACC Exam Preparation: Accessibility
Standards and Laws | 100% Correct
Describe the characteristics of civil rights laws – Answer – Emphasize equal
rights for people with disabilities

• Often make it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities under certain
  defined conditions like employment, access to buildings
• Some of these laws include technical standards
• The Americans with Disabilities Act is an example
  Describe the characteristics of procurement laws – Answer – Require that
  accessibility be taken into account when making a purchase or contracting for
  services
• For example, if there are 3 potential products and only 2 meet accessibility
  standards, only those 2 should be considered for purchase
• The most prominent procurement laws apply only to government entities (e.g.
  Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act in US and EN 301549 in the EU)
  The 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (VCAA) and the Air
  Carrier Access Act (ACAA) are examples of what category of laws? – Answer
  Industry-specific
  When & where was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted? –
  Answer Adopted by the UN in December 1948 in Paris, France
  Who commissioned the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and when? –
  Answer Commissioned in 1946 by the Commission on Human Rights, led by
  committee chair Eleanor Roosevelt

How many articles are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? –
Answer 30
How many member states are there currently in the UN, having agreed to abide
by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? – Answer 192
Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:

1. Everyone is born __ – Answer free and equal
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:
2. Everyone is entitled to ________________ – Answer the
   rights listed in the document
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:
3. Everyone has the right to a life, _______ – Answer freedom
   and safety
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:
4. __________ to enslave anyone – Answer No one has the
   right
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:
5. No one has the right to __ or abuse anyone – Answer torture
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:
6. Everyone has rights no matter __ he or she is – Answer where
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights – fill in the gap:

Shared DNR IAAP CPACC Certification:
Disabilities, Challenges, and Assistive
Technologies | 80 Q&A
About how many people have a disability? – Answer One in five people, or
about 20 percent
What is the medical theoretical model of disability? – Answer Viewing
disability in terms of biological impairments; a problem caused by genetic
disorders, disease, trauma or other health conditions. Disability is treated as a
biological problem that diminishes quality of life and needs to be treated with
professional medical care
What are the strengths of the medical theoretical model of disability? (2) –
Answer 1. Acknowledges that there is a biological condition placing
individuals with disabilities at a disadvantage

2. Creates a set of clearly-defined biological criteria for medical treatment and
   government assistance
   What are the weaknesses of the medical theoretical model of disability? (4) –
   Answer 1. Overlooks the impact of the social environment on a person with a
   disability
3. Makes disability a characteristic, labeling the person as different from the rest
   of the population
4. Excludes those with disabilities who do not fit into the defined criteria, meaning
   they might not be able to receive the care and benefits they need
5. Makes people have to prove their disability in order to receive the necessary
   care and benefits
   What is the social theoretical model of disability? – Answer Viewing disability
   as an avoidable condition caused by poor design in society. Acknowledges there is
   a medical or biological component, while stressing more inclusive designs could
   remove barriers for people with disabilities.

What are the strengths of the social theoretical model of disability? (2) –
Answer 1. Empowers individuals with disabilities by removing the stigma;
assumes society will create an inclusive environment, not that people with
disabilities need to accept a lower quality of life

2. Empowers designers of physical and virtual environments to think about
   usability for everyone, resulting in better designs overall
   What are the weaknesses of the social theoretical model of disability? (1) –
   Answer 1. Ignores the physical reality of having a disability; accepting and
   owning one’s disability can be healthy, both emotionally and psychologically
   What is the functional solutions theoretical model of disability? – Answer
   Viewing disability as a series of impairments or limitations and the solutions to
   eradicate or reduce these limitations through technology or methodology
   What are the strengths of the functional solutions theoretical model of disability?
   (1) – Answer 1. Focuses on ideas, technologies, and innovations which benefit
   people with disabilities and improve their lives
   What are the weaknesses of the functional solutions theoretical model of
   disability? (1) – Answer 1. Misses opportunities to address larger social
   context which might make a solution obsolete because it focuses too much on
   creating practical technological solutions
   What is the social identity or cultural affiliation theoretical model of disability? –
   Answer Viewing disability as a personal identity via communicating with
   others who share similar life experiences based on their disability; can be
   particularly strong among people are deaf and use sign language
   What are the strengths of the social identity or cultural affiliation theoretical
   model of disability? (2) – Answer 1. Accepts the disability as an important part
   of one’s emotional and psychological well-being
3. Gains political strength through alliances and advocacy networks
   What are the weaknesses of the social identity or cultural affiliation theoretical
   model of disability? (2) – Answer 1. Does not serve as a useful basis for
   technical definitions of disability because groups of people with different