Involuntary Muscles – cardiac and smooth muscles that can’t be controlled by the mind
and movement
Voluntary Muscles – skeletal muscles (attached to bone) that can be controlled by mind
and movement
Skeletal Muscles – -muscles attached to bone-voluntary-contracts quickly and fatigues
easily
Smooth Muscles – visceral (organ) muscles-involuntary-wall of digestive track, uterus,
blood vessels-controlled by automatic nervous system
Cardiac Muscles – -heart muscle-involuntary
Diaphysis – -compact bone-shaft of long bone-holds medullary cavity
Medullary Cavity – -within diaphysis-center of shaft-filled with yellow marrow
Epiphysis – -made of spongy bones-two extremities-where hemopoiesis occurs
(production of red blood cells)-contains red marrow
Osteocyte – mature bone cell
Fontanel – soft spot on a baby’s head
Ossification – cartilage transforms into bone
Osteoblast – a cell which a bone developes
Sphincters – special circular muscle in opening of esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
anus, urethra, and mouth
Muscle Tone – muscle are partially contracted at all times
Contractures – server tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in a blending of a joint
Atrophy – when muscles shrink in size and strength when not used for a long time
Tendon – what connects bone and muscle
Ligament – what connects bone to bone
Frontalis – Where: Front of the skull Function: Pulls scalp back for face/forehead
movement
Sternocleidomastoid – Where: Side of neck Function: tilt, turn, and nod head
Deltoid – Where: Triangular muscle in shoulder Function: Flex arm, abduct arm, extend
arm
Pectoralis – Where: Chest Function: Movement of shoulder joints & adducts the
humerus
Latissimus Dorsi – Where: Back Function: Pulls arms back and down
External Oblique – Where: Side of abdomen Function: Pulls chest downward to
compress the abdominal cavity
Rectus Abdominus – Where: Front of abdomen (“6 pack”) Function: Pulls ribs to pelvis
(crunches)
Gluteus Maximus – Where: Butt Function: Movement of hips and thighs
Gastrocnemius – Where: Lower leg (posterior calf) Function: Flexing foot at ankle joint
and flexing leg at knee joint
Gracilis – Where: Medial side of thigh (inner thigh) Function: Hip adduction and assists
knee flexion
Sartorius – Where: Across front of the thigh; from hip to inner side of tibia Function:
Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates the thigh and flexes the lower leg
Vastus Lateralis – Where: Lateral side of thigh Function: extension of lower leg
Vastus Medialis – Where: Medial side of thigh Function: extends thigh
Tibialis Anterior – Where: Shins Function: Straightens or lifts foot
Biceps Branchi – Where: upper, inside part of the arm Function: forearm lifting
Brachioradialis – Where: forearm Function: flexes forearm at elbow
Trapezius – Where: upper back Function: moving, rotating, stabilizing scapula
Triceps – Where: back of arm Function: extension of elbow joint
Biceps Femoris – Where: back of knee Function: knee flexion
Buccinator – Where: inside of mouth Function: chewing
Clavicle – collar bone
Scapula – shoulder
Phalanges – fingers and toes
Metacarpals – hand bones
Carpals – wrist bones
Radius – lower arm (lateral)
Ulna – lower arm (medial)
Humorous – upper arm
Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis – pelvic bones
Metatarsals – foot bones
Tarsals – ankle bones
Calcaneous – heal
Tibia – lower leg (medial)
Fibula – lower leg (lateral)
Femur – upper leg (largest bone in body)
Patella – knee
Prone – laying on stomach
Supine – flat on back
Semi-fowlers – 45-75 degree angle
High-fowlers – 75-90 degree angle