Medical management for neurogenic bladder – ANSWER- continuous,
intermittent, or self-catheterization
an external condom-type catheter
a diet low in calcium (to prevent calculi)
encouragement of mobility and ambulation.
Medications for neurogenic bladder – ANSWER- Parasympathomimetic
medications, such as bethanechol (Urecholine), may help to increase the
contraction of the detrusor muscle.
coup-contrecoup brain injury – ANSWER- When the brain continues to
move forward after a rapid stop, striking the inside of the skull, resulting
in a compression injury or bruising to the anterior of the brain and
stretching or tearing to the posterior of the brain.
diffuse brain injury – ANSWER- Include concussions and diffuse axonal
injuries
Involve microscopic damage to cells
Most common mechanisms of injury include acceleration-deceleration
injuries and rotational forces
involves large portion of the brain
Concussion (brain injury) – ANSWER- blow to head causing trauma
from minor to severe. if lose consciousness may result in memory loss
mild concussion – ANSWER- }Produces no loss of consciousness but
brief period of confusion and disorientation
}Patients may or may not experience retrograde amnesia (inability to
recall events just preceding injury)
classic concussion – ANSWER- }Involves a temporary loss of
consciousness
◦Usually less than five minutes
◦No longer than six hours
◦Retrograde or posttraumatic amnesia always present
◦May have headaches, dizziness, vertigo, nausea, visual disturbances,
difficulty in concentration, poor memory, behavior disorders, irritability,
anxiety, or insomnia
Primary brain injury – ANSWER- }Occurs immediately on impact of
mechanical force
◦Damage is done and cannot be reversed
◦Injury to brain or vasculature
Secondary brain injury – ANSWER- }evolves over next hours or days
◦Results from inadequate nutrients and oxygen (perfusion) to brain cells
◦Death occurs at three points in time:
◦immediately after injury
◦Within 2 hrs of injury
3 weeks after injury
post concussion syndrome – ANSWER- }Disabling difficulties may
become evident after return to job or school
}May benefit from referral to specialist
}Must be advised to avoid activities with potential for high risk for
repeated concussion, such as contact sports
◦Repeat concussion may cause autoregulatory dysfunction and
progressive cerebral edema
diffuse axonal injury – ANSWER- involves stretching, shearing, or
tearing of the extension of the neuron that conducts electrical impulses
away from the cell body.
}Immediate and prolonged coma longer than six hours to persistent
vegetative state
}May display decorticate or decerebrate posturing
focal brain injury – ANSWER- }Contusion
◦Constitute most common types of brain injury
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