What muscarinic antagonist causes the most sedation? – ANSWERscopolamine
Opioid receptor MOA – ANSWER- opioid binds to receptor, activates G
protein, adenylate cyclase is inhibited, cAMP is inhibited, Ca
conductance is decreased, K conductance is increased
What are the endogenous ligands of mu, kappa, and delta receptors? –
ANSWER- mu = endorphins
kappa = dynorphins
delta = enkephalins
Key side effects of kappa receptor stimulation – ANSWER- dysphoria,
antishivering, diuresis
Which body fluid normally has a higher concentration of protein? –
ANSWER- intracellular fluid
What is the major intracellular anion? cation? – ANSWER- anion =
phosphate
cation = potassium
Which term refers to the amount of the drug that is able to reach its
target receptor after it is introduced into the circulatory system? –
ANSWER- bioavailability
Which Phase 1 reaction is characterized by reactions that remove
electrons from a molecule? – ANSWER- oxidation
What term refers to the dose of a drug required to produce a given effect
in 50 percent of subjects? – ANSWER- potency
Approximately what portion of the total amount of body water is
intracellular? – ANSWER- 2/3rds
LA’s exist as weak (acids or bases) with a (positively or negatively)
charged amine group – ANSWER- weak bases and positively charged
amine group
Etomidate may cause a slight decrease in BP due to what? – ANSWERdecrease in SVR
Rocuronium ED95 – ANSWER- 0.3 mg/kg
opioid potency compared to 10 mg morphine (alfentanil, fentanyl,
remifentanil, sufentanil, ketorolac, meperidine, hydromorphone) –
ANSWER- alfentanil = 1 mg
fentanyl = 100 mcg
remifentanil = 100 mcg
sufentanil = 10 mcg
ketorolac = 30 mg
meperidine = 100 mg
hydromorphone = 1.5 mg
Basic vs acidic drugs protein binding – ANSWER- basic = alpha 1
glycoprotein
acidic = albumin
max dosages of local anesthetics – ANSWER- lidocaine/mepivacaine = 4
mg/kg or 7 mg/kg with epi
bupivacaine/ropivacaine = 2 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg with epi
2CP = 15 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg with epi
what drugs are in class I antiarrhythmics? – ANSWER- IA = quinidine,
procainamide HCl, disopyramide
IB = lidocaine, mexilitine HCl, tocainide, phenytoin
IC = flecainide acetate, propafenone HCl
Lidocaine affects what phase of the action potential to serve as an
antiarrhythmic? – ANSWER- affects phase 0 (influx of Na)
What drugs are useful to treat pulmonary HTN? – ANSWER- iloprost,
epoprostenol, PDE-V inhibitors (sildenafil), endothelin 1 antagonists
(bosentan), inhaled nitric oxide
PDE-_ inhibitors are useful for pulmonary HTN – ANSWER- 5
Risk of mendelson syndrome when aspirate volume and pH is what? –
ANSWER- volume over 25 cc and pH less than 3
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