CLEP Biology Study Guide (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Questions and Verified Answers| Grade A | 100% Correct
CLEP Biology Study Guide (Latest 2023/
2024 Update) Questions and Verified
Answers| Grade A | 100% Correct
Q: Osmosis
Answer:
passive transport of water diffusion where water seeks to have both solute concentrations across
a membrane to be equal (isotonic). water wants to dilute the higher solute concentration by
moving from low to high areas.
Q: Facilitated Diffusion
Answer:
specialized proteins embeded in cell membrane permit passage of substances of a particular
shape and size
Q: Lysosome
Answer:
stores enzymes (proteins)
digests macromolecules and cell waste
Q: 2 things that only plant organelles have that animals don’t
Answer:
chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis
cell wall
Q: Prokaryotes
Answer:
cell without organelles or nucleus (bacteria, pathogens)
reproduce by fission (parent cell divide into 2 offspring cells)
a sexual
all offspring genetically the same
Q: Eukaryotes
Answer:
cells that contain organelles
Q: Enzymes
Answer:
proteins that act on a substrate
-catalysts are used to speed up reaction
-destroyed at high temp or a pH that is too high/low
Q: Gilbert Lewis dot structure
Answer:
diagrams that show bonding between atoms of molecule (atoms bond to make molecule)
Q: Ionic bond
Answer:
don’t share, donate, or accept electrons
Q: Cohesion
Answer:
attraction between two LIKE molecules
Q: Adhesion
Answer:
attraction between two DIFFERENT molecules
Q: Capillary Action
Answer:
ability for water to defy gravity
-like water sticking to glass
Q: Henry Cavendish
Answer:
discovered hydrogen
Q: William Prout
Answer:
discovered chemical composition of pure urea (urine)
-food must contain fat,carb,protein
Q: Where do plants store glucose
Answer:
starch
Q: Carbs
Answer:
mono/di/poly saccharides
cellulose and chitin
starch and glycogen
Q: Lipids
Answer:
fats, phospholipids, steroids
Q: Robert Hooke
Answer:
discovered cells using microscope
Q: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Answer:
synthesize and release proteins for a cell and is connected to nucleus
Q: Smooth ER
Answer:
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Covelant (peptide), Ionic, Hydrogen
Strongest type of chemical bond
Covelant (when atoms share electron)
molecule movement from high to low concentration gradient
energy storage molecules:
sugars, starches, glucose, carbons, mono and polysaccharides
enzymes made from amino acids
polypeptides
stores enzymes (proteins)
digests macromolecules and cell waste
2 things that only plant organelles have that animals don’t
chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis
cell wall
diagrams that show bonding between atoms of molecule (atoms bond to make molecule)
don’t share, donate, or accept electrons
attraction between two LIKE molecules
attraction between two DIFFERENT molecules
ability for water to defy gravity
-like water sticking to glass
discovered chemical composition of pure urea (urine)
-food must contain fat,carb,protein
mono/di/poly saccharides
cellulose and chitin
starch and glycogen
discovered cells using microscope
synthesize and release proteins for a cell and is connected to nucleus
acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids.
important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER, making it “rough.” The RER is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus. This direct connection between the perinuclear space and the lumen of the ER allows for the movement of molecules through both membranes.
assemble amino acids into polypeptides
sacs to process proteins inside or outside of cell wall
holds DNA in uncoiled loose chromosome strands
site of ribosome synthesis and assembly (rRNA)
solution inside cell is SAME as outside
allow water molecules to cross cell membrane
require energy through ATP Sodium Potassium Pump
vesicles transport materials OUTSIDE cell
vesicles transport materials INSIDE cell
Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
Watson and Crick model of DNA structure
(Air University , Georgia College)
A-U
G-C
Pairing of Nucleotides: (At Georgia College)
A-T
G-C
DNA-> mRNA –ribosome>> tRNA -> Amino Acid
3 base set of mRNA -codes for specific amino acid.
UAA – code for termination of protein
cluser of genes under control of single promotor
inheritable changes in gene that change DNA sequence
caused by xray, uv light, chemicals
ex. sickle cell
no impact on protein to mutate
1 parent cell -> 4 daugher cells: (1 copy of genes)
– sexual reproduction
increases genetic variability in meiosis
genes that may be recessive or dominant
no dominance / recessiveness
-genes intermingle
red + white flower = pink flower
substance that triggers an immune response
Blood type recessive to A&B gene and doesn’t trigger immune response
Genes on male’s X chromosome are:
Genetic mutations tend to affect:
male offspring. Mothers are carriers who can pass traits but show no symptoms
autotroph – produce own energy using chlorophyll
reducers – decompose materials
-don’t make their own nutrition
-damage crops
plants use solar energy to reproduce
thick thylakoid membrane covering chloroplast
final process of cellular respiration responsible for producing majority of ATP:
34 ATP are made from the products of 1 molecule of glucose.
The process is a stepwise movement of electrons from high energy to low energy that makes the proton gradient
The proton gradient powers ATP production NOT the flow of electrons
This electron transport chain only occurs when oxygen is available
electron carrier in PHOTOsynethesis
carbon dioxide capure process during photosynthesis
transports water and minerals UP from roots
moves carbs produced in leaves Down long tube like cells
evaporation of water from leaves
water pulled up roots by negative pressure from transpiration
how plants repond to external stimuli
takes place in mitochondria
-forms acetate, CO2, NADPH
Arteries
arterioles
capillaries (tissue)
-give up oxygen, nutrients
-take carbon dioxide
Vena cava
RA
RV
Lung (give up CO2, pick up oxygen)
-carry deoxygenated blood
carries deoxy blood from RV of heart to lungs to pick up oxygen
carries oxygenated blood from lung to left atrium of heart
allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream
produces bile for fat digestion
filters blood by reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine
Released from muscle allowing Myosin and Actin to bind using ATP
no ATP
myosin binds to actin due to lack of ATP
-stiff bodies of dead
stimulates sodium reabsorbtion in kidney
-produced by adrenal gland
controls how much water is pulled back into kidney
-hormone comes from pituitary gland
master organ of body
-secretes numerous hormones
produced in pancreas
controls blood sugar
high blood sugar
high urine volume
extreme thirst
controls metobolic rate of body
induces rupture of follicle and release of egg to fal tube
ruptured follicle leads to progesterone production thickening uterine wall
study of plants and animals in relation to their environment
major ecological communities
-rainforest, prairie
group of diff plants/animals that live together
eats only plants
-large #, small physical size (squirrel)
eats plants and animals
-small in #, large physical size (bear)
cycle nutrients back to environment
-fungi, bacteria
Plants transfer which ions into proteins
CO2 used by plants, released by consumers
everything organism needs to survive
part of environment occupied by organisms
change in genetic makeup over time
Natural Selection
– organisms best suited to environment produce most young
species become more diverse as they enter new niches
alleles in gene are maintained in steady frequency over many generations due to natural selection
Unrelated organisms showing similarities of form due to being in similar environment
Prokaryote – bacteria
Protista – algae – eukar single cell organisms
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – can interbreed
(King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain)
