ARDMS SPI Exam Review (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
ARDMS SPI Exam Review (Latest 2023/
2024 Update) Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Q: What happens to axial resolution when spatial pulse length is decreased?
Answer:
improves
Q: How much will a 3.5 MHz pulse be attenuated after passing through 2 cm of soft tissue?
Answer:
3.5 dB
Q: Propagation speed errors result in
Answer:
improper axial position
Q: Enhancement is caused by
Answer:
weakly attenuating structures
Q: The Doppler shift frequency is
Answer:
directly proportional to the velocity of the reflector
Q: The number of frames per second necessary for a real-time image to be flicker free is
Answer:
more than 15
Q: True/False: The SPTA intensity will always be larger than the SATA intensity.
Answer:
True
Q: The intensity of the ultrasound beam is usually greater at the focal zone because of
Answer:
the smaller beam diameter
Q: If the amplitude is doubled, the intensity is
Answer:
quadrupled
Q: The attenuation for soft tissue is
Answer:
increased with tissue thickness
Q: The acoustic impedance of the matching layer
Answer:
can be chosen to improve transmission into the body
Q: True/False: In a pulse-echo system, the quality factor should be made as large as possible.
Answer:
False
Q: True/False: The beam diameter is constant in the near zone.
Answer:
False
Q: The operating frequency is dependent on
Answer:
thickness of the crystal
Q: The period of an ultrasound wave is
Answer:
the time of one wavelength
Q: The dynamic range of a system is
Answer:
the ratio of smallest to largest power level that the system can handle
Q: True/False: The intensity of an ultrasonic beam can be measured with radiation force
balance.
Answer:
True
Q: Increasing the pulse repetition period
Answer:
increases the maximum depth that can be imaged
Q: Ultrasound bioeffects
Answer:
are not confirmed below 100 mW/cm² SPTA
Q: True/False: No refraction can occur at an interface if the media impedances are equal.
Answer:
False
Q: True/False: Smaller transducers always produce smaller beam diameters.
Answer:
False
Q: True/False: The ultrasound beam profile can be measured with a hydrophone.
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Example of nonspecular reflector
What happens to spatial pulse length when frequency increases?
Axial resolution is dependent on?
Lateral resolution is dependent on?
Where does the beam of an unfocused transducer diverge?
two or more strong reflecting surfaces
Reverberation artifacts are a result of
True/False: Grating lobes are essential for the proper operation of a linear phased array.
True/False: An annular array scanner uses mechanical beam steering.
True/False: A linear sequenced array cannot be dynamically focused.
registration or B-mode alignment
Which AIUM test object function utilizes all the groups of wires in the AIUM 100 mm test object?
Which AIUM test object function utilizes the A group of wires in the AIUM 100 mm test object?
Which AIUM test object function utilizes the B group of wires in the AIUM 100 mm test object?
Which AIUM test object function utilizes the D group of wires in the AIUM 100 mm test object?
Which AIUM test object function utilizes the C or E groups of wires in the AIUM 100 mm test object?
What happens to axial resolution when spatial pulse length is decreased?
How much will a 3.5 MHz pulse be attenuated after passing through 2 cm of soft tissue?
Propagation speed errors result in
directly proportional to the velocity of the reflector
The Doppler shift frequency is
The number of frames per second necessary for a real-time image to be flicker free is
True/False: The SPTA intensity will always be larger than the SATA intensity.
The intensity of the ultrasound beam is usually greater at the focal zone because of
If the amplitude is doubled, the intensity is
increased with tissue thickness
The attenuation for soft tissue is
can be chosen to improve transmission into the body
The acoustic impedance of the matching layer
True/False: In a pulse-echo system, the quality factor should be made as large as possible.
True/False: The beam diameter is constant in the near zone.
The operating frequency is dependent on
The period of an ultrasound wave is
the ratio of smallest to largest power level that the system can handle
The dynamic range of a system is
True/False: The intensity of an ultrasonic beam can be measured with radiation force balance.
increases the maximum depth that can be imaged
Increasing the pulse repetition period
are not confirmed below 100 mW/cm² SPTA
Ultrasound bioeffects with an unfocused beam
True/False: No refraction can occur at an interface if the media impedances are equal.
True/False: Smaller transducers always produce smaller beam diameters.
True/False: The ultrasound beam profile can be measured with a hydrophone.
True/False: It is not possible to steer an annular phased array electronically.
True/False: The near zone length should be kept as short as possible.
Axial resolution can be improved by using
difference in acoustic impedances
The factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is
The equation that describes the relationship among propagation, wavelength, and frequency is
reflection, refraction, mode conversion
equal to the product of density and velocity
The acoustic impedance of a material is
The average velocity of ultrasonic waves in soft tissue is
True/False: Receiver-angle values in CW Doppler analysis do not influence the final Doppler shift.
Refraction occurs because of difference in ______ across an interface between two materials
The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on
using a higher frequency transducer
A long near zone can be obtained by
If a 2 MHz frequency is used in human soft tissue, the wavelength is approximately
The ratio of particle pressure to particle velocity at a given point within the ultrasonic field is
A 10 dB difference in signal intensity is equivalent to a _______ difference.
threshold, negative, reject level
The level below which signals are not transmitted through an ultrasound receiver system is the
Gray-scale systems typically use _____ as a means of signal dynamic range reduction.
suppression, rejection, compression
What are methods of restricting the dynamic range of the signal?
Most of the scan converters currently in use are of the _____ type?
The fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is actually on is the
The ability of an imaging system to detect weak reflections is called
What image shape is produced by a linear sequenced array transducer?
magnitude of the voltage spike
The major factor in determining the acoustic power output of the transducer is the
Two primary mechanisms that produce tissue biological effects are
The _____ relates bandwidth to operating frequency.
The product of the period and the number of cycles in the pulse is the
The substance typically used as a matrix on the imaging surface of an analog scan converter tube is
the reflector surface is small and smooth as compared with wavelength
Specular reflection occurs when
Artifacts appearing as parallel, equally spaced lines are characteristic of
using a larger diameter transducer
The amount of dispersion in the far field of an ultrasound beam can be decreased by
Longitudinal or axial resolution is directly dependent on
The transducer _____ is equal to the ratio of the operating frequency to the frequency bandwidth.
The ratio of the largest power to the smallest power that the ultrasound system can handle is the
Ultrasound waves in tissues are called _____ waves.
The row of wires in the middle are used to check
Which of the diagrams shows correct arm registration?
The row of wires on top is used to check?
The row of wires on the bottom is used to check for
What parameters CANNOT be evaluated by the AIUM test object?
Scanning a test object from three sides without erasing would be used to check
Name 5 synthetic piezoelectric materials.
tourmaline, quartz, Rochelle salt
Name 3 natural piezoelectric materials.
mechanical vibration that can be transmitted through matter
Ultrasound can be described as a
If the frequency of sound is below 16 Hz it is called
If the frequency of sound is above 20 kHz it is called
If the frequency of sound is between 16 Hz and 20 kHz it is called
electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa
An ultrasound transducer converts
battery, loudspeaker, light bulb, human being
Name 4 examples of a transducer
increase or decrease in size depending on the voltage polarity
When electric voltage is applied on both faces of a piezoelectric crystal, the crystal will
five million cycles per second
The abbreviation 5 MHz denotes
reduce pulse duration, improve axial resolution, reduce spatial pulse length
The function of the damping material in the transducer housing is to
What is the velocity of ultrasound in human soft tissue at 37°C?
in physical science, the word period denotes
motion of particles parallel to the axis of wave propagation
Longitudinal waves are characterized by
motion of particles perpendicular to the axis of wave propagation
Transverse waves are characterized by
The prefix piezo- is derived from a Greek word that denotes
piezoelectric ceramic material
If frequency increases, the wavelength will
If frequency decreases, the wavelength will
As frequency increases, the penetration will
As frequency increases, the resolution will
As frequency increases, the beam width will
Progressive weakening of the sound beam as it travels
A waveform transfers _____ from one point in space to another point in space.
oscillate around an equilibrium point
In a mechanical wave, there are material particles that
The density of tissue × the speed of sound in tissue
The spectrum of ultrasonic frequency is
Period is inversely proportional to
the received echoes become larger
In a pulse-echo system, as the ultrasound beam becomes more perpendicular to the organ interface
Which of the following has the highest sound velocity?
A. SOFT TISSUE
B. BONE
C. AIR
D. WATER
SPTA intensities below 100 mW/cm²
According to the AIUM, no significant biologic effects have been proven in mammals exposed to
Temporal peak intensity is measured at
Which of the following has the lowest intensity?
A. SPTP
B. SATP
C. SPTA
D. SATA
Spatial peak intensity / spatial average intensity
The duty factor of a pulsed echo system is normally less than
A shortened spatial pulse length results in
If the transducer Q factor is low, the bandwidth will be
reducing the spatial pulse length
Axial resolution can be improved by
Axial resolution is primarily affected by
Continuous wave Doppler has a duty factor of
Acoustic impedance is defined by which of the following?
A. RAYONS
B. METERS/dB
C. mW/cm²
D. RAYLS
The height of the vertical spike on the A-mode display corresponds to
R = [(Z₂ − Z₁) / (Z₂ + Z₁)]² × 100
The reflection coefficient between water and air is
What happens to the ultrasound beam beyond the critical angle?
Rayleigh scattering occurs if the particle dimensions are
Power is defined as energy per unit
The ability to resolve structures lying perpendicular to the axis of the ultrasound beam is called
conversion of ultrasound into heat
Ultrasound absorption in a medium results in
The typical value of attenuation in soft tissue is
Approximately what percentage of the ultrasound beam will be transmitted between fat and muscle?
Enhancement occurs posterior to
The role of sound attenuation in tissue is expressed in terms of
Improper location of an echo may be attributed to
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Which of the following is not an acoustic variable?
A. DENSITY
B. PRESSURE
C. TEMPERATURE
D. FORCE
Abbreviation for time gain compensation
As frequency increases, backscatter
The angle at which total reflection occurs is called
The pulse repetition frequency is the number of pulses occurring per
The unit used for the duty factor is
The typical value for attenuation coefficient for 6 MHz ultrasound in soft tissue is
Normal incidence occurs when the ultrasound beam travels ____ to the boundary between the two media
The amount of energy transmitted and/or reflected at the boundary between two media depends on
propagation speed and pulse round-trip time
The mirror image artifact is commonly seen around what structure?
either a much lower or a much higher acoustic impedance than its surroundings
The comet tail artifact can be seen posterior to an object that has
better axial resolution than lateral resolution
Generally, ultrasound transducers have
The pulse repetition frequency of an ultrasound unit is typically
What percentage of the time is a typical pulsed ultrasound system capable of receiving echoes?
If the frequency doubles, what happens to the wavelength?
Transmit-delay focusing in a linear array transducer will
The pulse repetition frequency is
converting the voltage delivered to the receiver from one form to another
decreasing half-intensity depth
Increasing axial resolution by increasing frequency also results in
Redirection of a portion of the ultrasound beam from a boundary is called
Digital computers use a special number system called
An 8-bit binary number is referred to as
Which of the following is not an input device?
A. KEYBOARD
B. PRINTER
C. DISK DRIVE
D. MAGNETIC DISK
The type of programmable memory that allows the user to write, store, or erase data is called
The most common binary word length in microprocessors is
An 8-bit word microcomputer with 128K words of memory can store how many bits of data?
The contents of EPROM can be completely erased by what application?
A sonographic image can be transferred from one computer to another by way of
The most commonly used programming language for personal computer is
The unit for measuring the speed of data communication is called
beginner’s all-purpose symbolic instruction code
An electronic device that translates signals from digital into analog and analog into digital
In binary numbers, how many values are used for each digit?
How many gray levels (echo amplitude levels) can a 4-bit deep digital scan converter store?
An ultrasound instrument that could represent 64 shades of gray would require a ____ bit memory
amplification, compensation, compression, rejection
What are the functions performed by the receiver in the ultrasound machine?
a large amplitude pulse from the transducer
A large amplitude pulse from the pulser results in
Voltage pulses from the pulser go to the
pulser, transducer, receiver, image memory, display
The five major components of a pulse-echo ultrasound system are
cutting a curved transducer element (subdicing) and/or using an acoustic lens
Reduction in echoes from a region distal to an attenuating structure
An increase in echoes from a region distal to a weakly attenuating structure or tissue
An echo that does not correspond to the real echo information
A structure that possesses echoes
Echoes of higher amplitude than the normal surrounding tissue
Echoes of lower amplitude than the normal surrounding tissues
The surface forming the boundary between two media having different acoustic impedance
A tissue or structure that does not have internal echoes (echo-free)
The backing material that is usually constructed in a continuous wave Doppler transducer is
surgical, therapeutic, and Doppler
Transducers with continuous wave operation are commonly used in which applications?
The time it takes to complete a single cycle is called
A wave vibration at 20 cycles per second has frequency of
A wave vibrating at 1 million cycles per second has a frequency of
The device that produces the ultrasound beam is commonly called a
The CRT used in ultrasound usually encloses
The positively charged CRT terminal is called the
The negatively charged CRT terminal is called the
The intensity of the ultrasound beam depends on
The fraction of time that a pulsed ultrasound system is actually producing ultrasound is called the
sector, linear, and annular scanners
Real-time ultrasound instrumentation can be classified as
the compressibility of the medium
The speed at which ultrasound propagates within a medium depends primarily on
The ratio of output of electric power to input electric power is termed
What type of artifacts result from echoes that take an indirect path back to the transducer?
frequency & transducer diameter
Near zone length may be increased by increasing
number of cycles per unit time
the product of pulse duration and pulse repetition frequency
range of frequencies contained in the ultrasound pulse
density multiplied by sound propagation speed
operating frequency divided by bandwidth
DECREASED EFFICIENCY, SENSITIVITY AND SPL
Gain compensation is necessary due to
This type of scan converter stores any increment of signal amplitude
(2⁵ = 32 then 42/32 =) 1.3 dB/gray level
The gray-scale resolution for a 5-bit digital instrument that has a dynamic range of 42 dB is
(Distance = velocity × time, so 1540 × 0.01 = 15.4 m × 2 =) 30.8 m
An artifact that would least likely produce a pseudo-mass is
athletic patients and mesomorphic habitus patients
Split image artifact is more noticeable in
What is the least likely cause for a split image artifact?
The most likely cause for a beam thickness artifact is
Beam thickness artifact is primarily dependent on
may be diffuse or specular in appearance
metallic surgical clips (or shotgun pellets)
The most common type of artifact encountered in patients with shotgun wounds is
can be calculated using Snell’s law
The amount of splitting that occurs in a split image artifact for a given structure
The first vertical deflection on the A-mode that corresponds to the transducer face is called
The type of real-time system that employs a combination of electronic and mechanical means is called
decrease in amplitude of the returning echo
If the amount of acoustic coupling medium is insufficient, what changes could result?
What mode is displayed in this diagram?
What mode is displayed in this diagram?
What mode is displayed in this diagram?
The effects of diagnostic ultrasound on human soft tissue are called
The average propagation speed of ultrasound in soft tissue is
Progressive weakening of the sound beam as it travels through a medium
The production and behavior of bubbles in sound
A liquid placed between the transducer and the skin
A method of reducing pulse duration by electrical or mechanical means
The number of intensity levels between black and white
The intensity of ultrasound is measured in
There is no known adverse biologic effect in tissue at intensities below
The general range of intensities in diagnostic ultrasound is
The general range of intensities in therapeutic ultrasound is
The most common result of high intensity ultrasound is
production and behavior of gas bubbles
In the study of bioeffects, cavitation denotes
The two types of cavitation are
The instrument used to detect frequency shift is called
Occur when the interface is larger than the wavelength
occur when the interface is smaller than the wavelength
spatial average temporal average
The mode not applicable to a Doppler instrument is
The digital memory representts a picture element called a
How many shades of gray can the human eye distinguish?
The most recent digital storage emplys what size memory?
A disadvantage of pulsed-wave Doppler (PW) relative to continuous-wave Doppler (CW) is that
Which of the following utilize a TGC?
A. STATIC SYSTEM
B. REAL-TIME SYSTEM
C. BISTABLE SYSTEM
dissipation of heat by conduction
What is the effect of ultrasound absorption on tissues at normal intensity levels?
Video monitors normally have how many horizontal lines?
How many frames per second are displayed by a video monitor?
The dynamic range of the dots on the average oscilloscope or CRT monitor is
The term matrix, when referring to digital memory denotes
Digital memory can be visualized as
A region that is anechoic is displayed as
A region that is hyperechoic is
Bioeffects at medium intensity levels on laboratory animals have resulted in?
Spreading out of the ultrasound beam
Redirection of the sound beam in several directions
recommended by the transducer manufacturer
The method for sterilizing transducers is
liver interface or cystic structure
An example of an acoustic window is
The binary number 1010 equals the decimal number
Real-time imaging is similar to
all transverse scans should be viewed from the patient’s feet
The recommended orientation for a transverse scan.
the patient’s head to the left of the image and feet to the right of image
The recommended orientation for longitudinal scans is
Demodulation is a function performed by the
ultrasound waves can be polarized
The transducer crystal most likely to be employed in high-frequency work, above 18 MHz, is
The trade name for lead zirconate titanate is
How many shades of gray can be displayed using a scan converter with 8 bits per memory element
mechanical sector real-time transducer
The transducer that would be best suited for intercostal scanning is
The difference between real-time ultrasound and fluoroscopy is
hypaque for IVP examination, telepaque for oral cholecystogram
Which contrast media used in x-ray do not obscure the propagation of ultrasound?
A device used to focus sound beams
device that changes sound waves into visible light patterns
the portion of the sound beam outside of the main beam
imaginary surface passing through particles of the same vibration as an ultrasound wave
the ratio between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
the change in frequency as a result of reflector motion between the transducer and the reflector
Lateral resolution is equal to
aluminum, Perspex (acrylic plastic), polystyrene
Which of the following materials are used to make acoustic lenses?
a concave/convex mirror, acoustic lenses
Ultrasound beams can be focused and defocused with the use of
The normal range of wavelength in medical application is
viscosity, frequency, distance
Ultrasound absorption is directly proportional to
The confirmed bioeffects on pregnant women with the use of real-time diagnostic instruments is
low frequency and high intensity
tissue cultures in a test tube
A method of analyzing a waveform
elimination of small amplitude echo
a process of acoustic energy absorption
energy transported per unit time
Which statements about bioeffects are unconfirmed?
A. ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE IN HUMANS IS ACCUMULATIVE
B. MOST HARMFUL BIOEFFECTS THAT OCCURRED IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED IN HUMANS IN A CLINICAL SETTING
C. INTENSITY, FREQUENCY, AND EXPOSURE TIME USED ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS WERE COMPATIBLE THOSE USED IN A CLINICAL SETTING
D. CONTINUOUS WAVE USED IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES GIVES THE SAME TISSUE EXPOSURE AS PULSED ULTRASOUND USED IN A CLINICAL SETTING
E. THE EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO HIGH INTENSITY LEVELS RESULTED IN GROWTH RETARDATION OF THEIR OFFSPRING
The number of known human injuries resulting from diagnostic ultrasound exposure is
What is the distinction between real-time scans and B-scans?
Which of the following is not related to real-time?
The range of pulse repetition frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound is
The SPL is defined as the product of the ____ multiplied by the number of ____ in a pulse
Which modes are one dimensional?
Continuous wave ultrasound is used in
Which imaging modality is audible?
Which mode requires two crystals: one for transmitting, and one for receiving?
The normal range of intensities used in Doppler instruments is
higher frequency than the incident frequency
If the media boundary is moving toward the source, the reflected sound wave will have
lower frequency than incident frequency
If the media boundary is moving away from the source, the result will be
A Doppler instrument that can distinguish between positive and negative shifts is called
color Doppler is not beneficial
control used to suppress or increase echoes in the near field
control used to suppress or increase echoes in the far field
control the upward incline of the TGC, used to display an even texture
control used to delay the start of a slope
controls the point where the slope ends
The range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse is called
Continuous wave doppler uses how many piezoelectric elements?
The greatest Doppler angle is achieved when the beam strikes a vessel at a ____ angle
If the power output of an amplifier is 100 times the power at the input, the gain is
Which control is used to minimize the effects of attenuation?
A decreased pulse duration leads to
{R = [(75-25) / (75+25)]² = (50/100)² = 0.5² =} 0.25 mW/cm²
The near zone length of an unfocused transducer depends on
The frequency of a transducer depends primarily on
An ultrasound beam that is normally incident on an interface will experience no
The average speed of propagation of ultrasound in soft tissue is
Ultrasound is defined as sound with frequencies above
Frequency is a significant factor in
(0.5 × 3.5 = 1.75 × 2 =) 3.5 dB
In a pulse-echo system, a 3.5 MHz beam of 2 cm of tissue will be attenuated by
True/False: For a focused transducer, the beam intensity will remain constant through the scan field
The axial resolution of a system is determined by
the ratio of the maximum to the minimum intensity that can be processed
The dynamic range of a pulse-echo ultrasound system is defined as
compensates for attenuation effects
The time-gain or depth-gain compensation control
A digital scan converter is essentially a
Acoustic enhancement can be observed when scanning
The lateral resolution of a system
The threshold control is equivalent to the
Continuous-wave (CW) ultrasound is used in
decreases the maximum depth imaged
Decreasing the pulse repetition period
The AIUM 100 mm test object measures
True/False: Real-time imaging is impossible without electronic arrays.
increase with increased steering angle
Grating lobes in electronic array systems
The attenuation coefficient is expressed in units of
wavelength, velocity, and frequency
The ability of a system to detect low-amplitude echoes accurately is referred to as
The primary mechanisms whereby ultrasound can produce biologic effects are
frequency and transducer diameter
The near-zone length of a transducer depends on
The intensity of a focused beam is generally highest at the
The wavelength of a 5 MHz wave passing through soft tissue is approximately
True/False: A pulse-echo system should have a high Q factor (quality factor).
a wide band of frequencies centered at 5 MHz
A 5 MHz transducer used in a pulse-echo system will generally produce
thickness, resonance frequency
The transducer ____ determines its ______.
increased damping, sensitivity
The axial resolution of a transducer can be improved with _____ but at the expense of _____.
A material that changes its dimensions when an electric field is applied is called ____ material.
multiple strong reflecting structures
Reverberation artifacts occur with
a transducer with a large bandwidth is likely to have
The near zone is also referred to as
Refraction will not occur at an interface with _____ incidence of the ultrasound beam.
Acoustic power output is determined primarily by
Specular reflections occur when the reflecting surface is ______ with respect to the wavelength
An annular array real-time scanner is steered
The focal zone can be moved to the skin surface
longitudinal compression waves; longitudinal mechanical waves
Ultrasound waves in tissue are referred to as
High-frequency transducers have ___ wavelengths and ____ penetration
electronically focus in two dimensions rather than one
Annular phased arrays unlike linear phased arrays
Arrange in the correct order of increasing propagation speed.
GAS, BONE MUSCLE
True/False: Color Doppler systems are not subject to aliasing.
A beam-intensity profile is often mapped with
Real-time scanners are generally classified as either
Pulse duration is the _____ for a pulse to occur.
The frame rate of a real-time scanner will not depend on
The unit of measure of SPTA is
The piezoelectric properties of a transducer will be lost if the crystal is heated above the
If the amplitude of a wave is increased threefold, the intensity will
If the frequency is increased, the velocity (propagation speed) will be _____.
Beam steering is achieved in a linear phased array by
Dynamic focusing is made possible by
Sound will travel ____ in 1 µs in soft tissue
rods for measuring “ring-down”
In this image, which represents a tissue-equivalent phantom, the small open arrows point to?
What does the curved open arrow point to?
What does the solid black arrow point to?
greater range ambiguity artifacts
When the FOV is reduced by decreasing the PRP, the following is more likely to occur
At the present time, most ultrasound contrast agents are based upon
Microspheres filled with this material is currently used as an ultrasound contrast agent.
Harmonic imaging relative to conventional pulse-echo imaging has
steering the beam to achieve larger echoes at a specific image location.
Compounding, in the context of real-time ultrasound scanners, refers to