PSY352 Personality Exam 1 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
PSY352 Personality Exam 1 (Latest 2024/
2025 Update) Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Q: This figure shows the variance in behaviors that are due to persons and situations. Place the
labels on the areas in the graph that include the traits that best represent each argument.
Answer:
situationaist- top left, interactionist- top right.
trait- bottom right
Q: Variance in behavior that is due to traits is approximately .16. The situationist argument
suggests that, therefore, 1.0 – .16, or .84 of variance is due to the situation. Why is this logic
flawed?
Answer:
includes all unmeasured variables, not just situational ones
Q: Match each behavior to whether it is best predicted by person variance, situation variance, or
both, based on research by Leikas, Lonnqvist & Verkasalo (2012).
Answer:
Person: gestures, positive affect
Situation: questions, mutual gaze frequency
Both: talk, arousal
Q: The idea that people are psychologically different and that it is important and interesting to
note these differences is made evident by what?
Answer:
words arising to describe individual differences
Q: Funder & Colvin (1991) conducted a study to examine the influence of both the person and
the situation on behavior. In this study, the researchers had participants come in on two separate
occasions to sit and talk to a stranger of the opposite sex.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about their first analysis of this study.
In the first analysis, the researchers measured differences in that illustrated how _
the participants felt. They found that people were much more comfortable during the second
session in which they participated. This is an example of a effect on behavior.
Answer:
behavioral variables, awkward, situational
Q: Funder & Colvin (1991) conducted a study to examine the influence of both the person and
the situation on behavior. In this study, the researchers had participants come in on two separate
occasions to sit and talk to a stranger of the opposite sex. The only thing that changed for the
second visit was that the person participants spoke to was different.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the researchers’ second analysis of this study.
In the second analysis, the researchers measured the consistency in behaviors more specifically
related to personality from Session 1 to Session 2 for each participant. They found that the participants’ behavior was very from Session 1 to Session 2. This is an example of a
effect on behavior.
Answer:
individual, consistent, personality
Q: In Funder & Colvin’s study (1991), the researchers made an important contribution to the
. They showed that behavioral changes and behavioral can coexist. Much
research seeks to_________ variables, which makes it difficult to truly assess the personsituation debate. The current research examines the same data from each side of the debate,
illustrating that human behavior considers multiple __ from multiple
_________simultaneously.
Answer:
person-situation debate, consistency, isolate, variables, sources
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Certain fields of psychology are more or less conceptually related to personality psychology. Place the fields of psychology in order from most to least related to personality psychology. clinical psychology, industrial organizational psychology, neuroscience
Dr. Webb is interested in studying what evolved psychological processes influence the choices men and women make during the dating process. What basic approach to personality psychology will she use in her research? biological approach
Dr. Lane is interested in understanding leadership styles in different countries. She is following a approach to personality psychology because she is interested in how the experience of individuals might differ across cultures. phenomenological; conscious
Different theories or basic approaches in personality psychology address the conceptualization of personality to varying degrees of comprehensiveness. In other words, certain theories or approaches are better at explaining all aspects of individuals than others.Place the theories or basic approaches in order from most to least comprehensive based on how well they address the complexity of human nature and individual differences. One Big Theory, trait approach, biological approach
Funder’s First Law great strengths are often great weaknesses
One Big Theory a framework that can predict everything about an individual
According to the text, which of the following accurately explain why personality psychologists have focused on developing distinct theories instead of One Big Theory (OBT) when trying to explain the whole person? Correct:-As of now, there has not been an acceptable OBT.-Each distinct theory offers a different perspective on personality.-OBT would likely not do well at explaining specific personality processes.Incorrect:-OBT would undermine the smaller theories.-Not enough people accept that the trait approach is OBT for personality.
“Which of the following topics in personality psychology are also topics considered by the modern forms of humanistic psychology, such as “”positive psychology””?” virtue, mindfulness, and happiness (no others)
Josh is interested in understanding how personality impacts romantic relationships over the course of one’s life. He is therefore interested in the consequences of _ and how they over time. individual differences, change
It is to understand everything about a person at once. Personality psychologists use a approach to organize certain kinds of observations and patterns, and ways of thinking about these patterns. The most widely used example of this approach is the _ approach, which focuses on the ways in which people differ psychologically and how these differences might be conceptualized. impossible, basic, trait
How heritable is extraversion? biological approach
How does internal conflict impact one’s behavior? psychoanalytic approach
What characteristics of individuals predict longevity? trait approach
How do people from different cultures differ in how they approach conflict resolution in the workplace? phenomenological approach
How do situational rewards and incentives impact our decisions? learning and cognitive approaches
What is one of personality psychology’s greatest advantages over other areas of psychology? Personality psychology appreciates the uniqueness of the individual.
“What is another commonly used term for a “”basic approach?””” paradigm
Which of the following approaches to studying personality psychology would One Big Theory include in its explanation of human psychology? correct:-biological approach-trait approach-psychoanalytic approach-learning/cognitive approaches-phenomenological approachincorrect:
psychological disorders When patterns of personality are extreme and unusual, the pursuit to understanding people becomes the study of . . .
organizational psychology When personality psychology tries to understand occupational success and leadership, it has close ties to . . .
clinical psychology Personality psychology has the largest overlap with . . .
Understanding inconsistencies between _ is the central mission of personality psychology. thoughts, feelings, and behavior Identify the following concepts as either factors that undermine reliability or techniques that improve it. Improves Reliability:-Care with research procedure-Standardized research protocol-Measure something important-AggregationUndermines Reliability:-Low precision-State of the participant-State of the experimenter-Variation in the environment “Each of the four sources of personality data provides distinct benefits and disadvantages to personality research. _ data is useful because it is intrinsically important and easily verified, though it can often be argued that these data are determined by factors unrelated to personality. have the appearance of objectivity and can be gathered across highly-diverse ranges of context but are not always easily interpreted. Although it is easy to collect large amounts of data, especially when studying topics that are known only by the individuals being assessed, this type of data notoriously suffers from bias and error. Finally, data uniquely benefits from “”common sense”” contextualization, definitional truth, and “”real-world”” relevance. That said, it also suffers from limited behavioral information and a lack of access to private experience.” Life outcome, Behavioral data, self-report, informant report
What is the definition of validity? the degree to which a measurement actually reflects what it is supposed to be measuring
When analyzing her data, Julia discovered that the average score of participants in her experiment was 34 on Monday, 54 on Tuesday, and 30 on Thursday. She calls her research assistant in for a meeting to explain that variations in the – may be causing poor -. The research assistant explains that he wasn’t feeling well on Tuesday, and Julia begins to suspect that variations in the – may also have caused the problem. Environment, reliability, state of the experimenter
Which of the following are not advantages of self-report data? “Not advantages:Participants always provide accurate accounts of their personalities.It is difficult to collect.It is expensive.The data are intrinsically important.Advantages:The data are viewed as having “”causal force.””The data give researchers access to the respondent’s thoughts, feelings, and intentions.”
L Data police blotters, medical records
I Data letters of recommendation, gossip about your roommate
B Data heart rate and skin conductance, experience-sampling data
S Data questionnaires about how you’re feeling, self-judgments
technical training -pharmacist-gardener-computer operator-physician
scientific training -pharmacologist-botanist-computer scientist-biologist
disadvantage of S data ErrorBiasToo simple and too easy
disadvantage of I data Limited behavioral informationLack of access to private experienceErrorBias
disadvantage of L data Multi-determinationPossible lack of psychological relevance
disadvantage of B data Difficult and expensiveUncertain interpretation
Which of the following are explanations for why psychologists emphasize methods more than those working in other scientific fields (for example, physics or chemistry)? “Explanations:-An understanding of research methods is needed to evaluate previous psychological research.-There is more room for skepticism about “”facts”” in psychology than there is in other scientific fields.not explanations:-Methods are not often taught as part of the introductory curriculum in other scientific fields.-Most psychologists study methods more than content.-Research methods are not important to physics and chemistry.”
advantages of S data Large amount of informationAccess to thoughts, feelings, and intentionsSome S data are true by definition (e.g., self-esteem)Causal forceSimple and easy
advantages of I data Large amount of informationReal-world basisCommon senseSome I data are true by definition (e.g., likeability)Causal force
advantages of L data Objective and verifiableIntrinsic importancePsychological relevance
advantages of B data Wide range of contexts (both real and contrived)Appearance of objectivity
A personality researcher is interested in studying whether personality characteristics relate to success among actors. To do so, she plans to ask members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to fill out questionnaires about their own personalities and the personalities of their colleagues. In addition, they will also be asked to report on the amount of time they spend acting each week, the number of roles they have played, and the number of awards they have won. The questionnaires will constitute – and –, respectively. The hours spent acting would be – and the number of roles and awards would be -. S data, I data, B data, L data
validity -low agreement between the measurement technique and the outcome of relevance-evidence that different constructs in real life also differ experimentally
generalizability -gender bias-diverse representativeness
reliability -variation in the environment of data collection-consistency across two measurements of the same construct-variation in the state of the experimenter
Which of the following methods would be useful for studying the effects of caffeine consumption on poker playing performance? Useful: a lab-based study that measures the relationship between various doses of caffeine and performance at various intervals after the caffeine was consumeda survey-based study of 10,000 participants recruited from online poker sites that collects self-report data on daily caffeine consumption and winningsan in-depth study of a world-class poker player’s sensitivity to caffeineNOT useful: gathering behavioral measurements of the caffeine consumed by dealersasking informants whether they have noticed that poker performance seems to improve when the players are drinking coffee
behavioral confirmation becoming what others expect you to be
the expectancy effect becoming what others expect you to be
self-verification behaving in a way that encourages others to treat you as you see yourself
Place the samples in order from least to most generalizability. -participants used in personality research during the 1940s in the United States-participants in the United States selected from the first 50 students who visited the library on a Monday morning-participants in the United States selected using a random telephone dialing system with land lines-international participants selected at random using the birth registries of the 25 most populous countries
What is not an advantage of the case study method? it is not controlled
Which term applies to how individuals affect the world around them? “””residue”” of personality”
technical training the process of learning to use known information
scientific training exploration aimed at acquiring new knowledge
scientific research the process of learning how to extend what is known
Match each research method to the project described. Case method: This design will be used by a psychologist writing a book about the personalities of each American president based on available biographical data.Correlational: This design uses a long-running questionnaire of hospital nurses to determine whether informant ratings of sociability can predict the number of hospital visitors.Experimental: This design evaluates the extent to which participants will continue to cooperate in a team setting after reading faked biographical information about teammates who are assigned to them in a lab.
To build a complete picture of an individual’s personality, researchers must rely on the observable aspects, which are best characterized as . Because personality is difficult to observe, researchers must also rely upon data and gather information from without placing too much emphasis on data from clues, multiple sources, any one source
Which of the following are disadvantages of projective tests? correct:They are time-consuming to administer.They lack validity.They are inefficient in providing useful data.incorrect:The number of items on each test is unwieldy for psychologists.Clinicians find them unhelpful.
One study reported in the text (Rentfrow, Goldberg & Levitin, 2011) used factor analysis to assess music preference by asking participants to identify pieces of music that they did and did not enjoy.Select the area in the figure that includes the most factors of the participants’ music preferences. bottom one with most boxes
Place the following examples of objective tests from first to last, according to how reliable they are in measuring their construct of interest. a questionnaire with 30 items measuring shynessa questionnaire with 20 items measuring narcissisma questionnaire with 5 items measuring self-esteema single item test measuring conscientiousness
This image is an example of what method of objective test construction? (true or false) factor analytic method
Which of the following personality tests are omnibus inventories? correct:Big Five Inventory (BFI)California Psychological Inventory (CPI)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI)incorrect:Shyness Inventory (SI)Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)The Self-Monitoring Test (SMT)
Identify the following tests as yielding either B or S data. B:IQ testprojective testRorschach testS:objective testthe Big Five personality test
Rorschach test Patients tell an analyst what they see in an inkblot
objective test A participant in a psychology study rates how much they agree with a series of statements about their personality on a scale from 1 to 5.
projective test A participant in a psychology study interprets an ambiguous picture of members of various ethnicities in order to provide data on their unconscious prejudices.
Thematic apperception test (TAT) Clients tell stories about drawings of people and ambiguous events.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) “A job applicant answers “”yes”” or “”no”” to a series of questions about their behavior.”
Which of the following are useful in assessing personality? extraversionaggressionattitudes about political leaders
Place the steps used in the factor analytic method of test construction from first to last. -Establish a long list of objective and relevant items.-Administer the test to a large number of participants.-Calculate correlation coefficients between each item and each of the other items.-Determine which items can be grouped together to form greater factors.
Which sentence about the Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD) is false? the one about concrete
Which of the following are concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST)? correct: -A statistically significant result is not necessarily important or meaningful.-The criterion for a significant result (p < .05) is arbitrary.-A lack of a significant result is interpreted as there being no differences between experimental groups. Which of the following are arguments against using personality tests? arguments against:-They may discourage women or members of minority groups from joining certain fields.-They can be unfair mechanisms through which institutions can control individuals.not arguments against:-They encourage employers to judge individuals based on their physical features rather than on their personality traits.-They are biased towards identifying people who are high in the Big Five traits. is primarily concerned with determining the significance of a single test and therefore does not do an adequate job at assessing how stable a result is across time and contexts. Researchers need to perform a , which is a much better indicator of the stability of a result. NHST; replication
Identify whether or not the following tests are objective tests. Correct:the California Psychological Inventory (CPI)the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)a Big Five personality testIncorrect:the Thematic Apperception Testthe Rorschach test
Match each method of objective test construction to the foundational basis for its analysis. correlation coefficient: factor analytic methoda test writer’s psychological topic of interest: rational methodresponses to a large number of questions from two distinct groups of people: empirical method
Which of the following statements apply to rationally constructed scales? Correct:-The items must all be face-valid indicators of what the tester is trying to measure.-The person who completes the test must be able and willing to report an accurate self-assessment.-Each item must mean the same thing to the person who fills out the form as it did to the psychologist who wrote it.Incorrect: -The items are selected atheoretically.-Psychologists use correlational analyses to determine meaningful groups of items.-The items are selected with the aid of statistical analyses such as item response theory (IRT).
Identify the true and false statements about projective tests. true:They yield B data.They assess how people interpret ambiguous stimuli.false:They yield S data.They assess how people see themselves.
uses p-levels to identify the of the difference between two groups in an experimental design. The p-level gives the probability of getting the result one found if the were true. Null-hypothesis significance testing; significance; null hypothesis
The Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD) is a method for demonstrating the real-world effect size of a correlation. Based on the BESD, if there is a correlation of .30 between drinking alcohol and the likelihood of having a car accident, then out of 100 people who have been drinking, how many people would you expect to have an accident? 65
Place the correlation coefficients in order from strongest to weakest, based on the strength of the relationship they represent. -.90+.60-.30-.10+.05
What is the main drawback of both projective and B-data tests? The answer and the validity of the answer depend critically on the test interpreter.
“In the context of psychological research, what does the word “”significant”” mean?” A significant result is one that is unlikely to occur by chance.
What method was used to develop the Big Five personality traits? factor analytic
Match each description to either the trait approach or the person-situation debate. person-situation debate:-states that behavior may either change or be consistent over time-posits that, depending on the circumstances, either the trait or the environment could cause behaviorTrait approach:-predicts that people will behave in ways that match their traits-provides evidence, usually via correlational data, that shows the relationship between traits and behavior-posits that a person’s trait behavior is consistent in comparison to peers-states that characteristics remain consistent across time
Research within the trait approach to personality is almost always in design. This means that we measure not only the level of a trait that someone has, but also a _ that corresponds with that trait. If they covary, we can conclude that they are and that it is possible that the level of the trait can then predict the behavior. correlational, behavior, associated
An interesting research review started with the assumption that all people care about certain such as well-being, happiness, success, and quality relationships. The researchers assessed the relationships of variables to these results and found them to _ the extent to which people actually achieved them. life outcomes, trait, influence
Understanding the influence of a .40 correlation between trait and behavior or behavior and behavior is a key factor in the person-situation debate. Further, understanding the influence of that correlation compared to a relative standard is seen as very relevant. What comparison illustrates an absolute correlation compared to a relative standard? absolute correlation value compared to a situation correlation value
The person-situation debate has inadvertently caused psychologists to choose a side, as if the influences of personality and situations were _ . This may be due to the perceived importance of the debate, that is, the debate may have inflated importance because psychologists are debating their and not necessarily the on people’s behavior. The approach allows for psychologists to consider both influences and to more accurately predict people’s behavior. mutually exclusive, values, causal influence, interactionist
Which of the following are examples of interactionism in behavior? “Correct:-Joey and Geraldo are preparing to ask people to the prom in unique ways. Joey is worried about how his plan will work and be received. Geraldo is excited to surprise his girlfriend with his creative “”promposal.”” They both decide to ask their dates shortly after prom tickets go on sale.-Adriana is a foodie and is always looking to try new foods. She makes a point to go to a different restaurant every chance she gets and hardly ever visits the same place twice.-Samuel’s manager announces a new work policy at a meeting. Samuel is not agreeable and says he will not accept the policy. Other employees begin discussing other policies that should be rescinded.NOT correct:-Professor Imbue enters the classroom and the students all become quiet.-Jacinda has an analytical mind and looks for the reasons behind events. She therefore decides to major in journalism.”
According to the author, which of the following describe the situationist view of behavior? Correct:-It suggests that our futures are determined more by the environments we are in.-It is inaccurate.-It suggests that people can make slight or radical changes to their experience based on their situational options.NOT: -It is based on a thorough report by Mischel.-It is accurate.
This figure shows the variance in behaviors that are due to persons and situations. Place the labels on the areas in the graph that include the traits that best represent each argument. trait: bottom rightsituationist top leftinteractionist: top right
Match each statement to the side of the personality-situation debate that it represents. Not all statements will apply. SITUATIONIST :-Personality is inconsistent.-Experiences are more influential in predicting behavior.-Traits have a limited predictive ability.-Personality assessment is not worthwhile.TRAIT: -Personality becomes more consistent with time.-Personality is consistent in comparison to peers.NOT EITHER:-The influence of situations is not worthwhile research.
Match each life outcome to the broad trait that typically impacts it. OPENNESS: inspiration, artistic interestsNEUROTICISM: poor coping, occupational dissatisfactionCONSCIENTIOUSNESS: occupational success, avoidance of drug abuseAGREEABLENESS: peer acceptance, heart healthEXTRAVERSION: leadership, attractiveness
According to McAdams, people find it very important to establish what he calls a . This is a stepwise process that people use to develop a detailed sense of . The first step is understanding oneself as an , which happens in early childhood and includes learning required social rules and how to behave according to them. Next, people begin to develop future plans, ideas, goals, and that are used to help make life-planning decisions. This second step takes place when people are approximately __. Finally, at about 20 years old, people start to consider what their life story will be, meaning what they hope to do, accomplish, and become in their lives. This completes the process. narrative identity, self, actor, values, 7-9 years old