PSY352 Personality Final Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
PSY352 Personality Final Exam (Latest 2024/
2025 Update) Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A
Q: The biggest limitation of correlational research is that __.
A) it only focuses on one individual in depth
B) it does not indicate anything about causation
C) it is unethical
D) it is costly and time-consuming to conduct
Answer:
B) it does not indicate anything about causation
Q: Which of the following is the best example of observer-report research?
a) Magdalena completes a survey about her roommates’ habits.
b) Josh completes a survey about his favorite types of food.
c) Matt explains to an interviewer why he enjoys going to parties so much.
d) Susan gives some students a test in a cold room and other students a test in a hot room, and
then compares the groups’ results on an IQ test.
Answer:
a) Magdalena completes a survey about her roommates’ habits.
Q: Which type of data is most likely to be influenced by social desirability concerns?
a) test data (T-data) b) self-report data (S-data)
c) observer-report data (O-data)
d) life-outcome data (L-data)
Answer:
b) self-report data (S-data)
Q: Chris wants to know if attending driving school causes new drivers to have fewer car
accidents. So he randomly assigns half of his new drivers to go to driving school, while the other
half do not. He then keeps track of how many accidents each driver has in the following year.
In the experiment described above, _ is the dependent variable.
a) attending vs. not attending driving school
b) the number of accidents a person gets in
c) the gender of the driver
d) the age of the driver
Answer:
b) the number of accidents a person gets in
Q: Imagine that you find a correlation of -.31 between a person’s liking of chocolate ice cream
and their GPA. This correlation suggests that .
A) the more you like chocolate ice cream, the lower your GPA is likely to be
B) the less you like chocolate ice cream, the higher your GPA is likely to be
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer:
C) both A and B
Q: A personality test that gives very inconsistent results would be said to have low
__.
A) reliability
B) bias
C) validity
D) generalizability
Answer:
A) reliability
Q: Which of the following helps to ensure that all groups are the same at the beginning of an
experiment?
A) manipulation of the independent variable
B) random sampling
C) random assignment
D) counterbalancing
Answer:
C) random assignment
Q: __ is the psychologist most closely associated with the trait perspective of
personality.
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Gordon Allport
D) B.F. Skinner
Answer:
C) Gordon Allport
Q: Which of the following traits is not included in the “dark triad”?
a) narcissism
b) psychopathy
c) egotism
d) Machiavellianism
Answer:
c) egotism
Q: Which of the following is one of the factors in the five-factor model (aka. Big Five) of
personality?
A) understanding
B) honesty
C) sense of humor
D) openness
Answer:
D) openness
Q: Kim enjoys being around other people, takes charge when working in a group, and is
physically active. Given these characteristics, which Big Five trait does Kim likely score highly
on?
a) extraversion
b) neuroticism
c) agreeableness
d) openness
Answer:
a) extraversion
Q: Which of the following is NOT included in the five-factor model of personality (aka. the Big
Five)?
A) empathy
B) extraversion
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Which of the following people would a trait psychologist be most likely to view as evidence for his/her perspective on personality? a) Juan, who is an honest person with everyone he meets b) Julie, who makes an effort to behave like everyone else around her c) Kendra, who is unsure about what college major she wants to pursue d)Thomas, who feels happy on some days but depressed on others a) Juan, who is an honest person with everyone he meets
Hartshorne and May (1928) conducted a famous study on deceptive behavior among grade school children. Which of the following statements best summarizes their results? a) Deceptive behavior in one situation was a good indicator of whether a child would be deceptive in another situation. b) Deceptive behavior in one situation was not a good indicator of whether a child would be deceptive in another situation. c) Girls were consistently more likely to be deceptive than boys. d) Boys were consistently more likely to be deceptive than girls. b) Deceptive behavior in one situation was not a good indicator of whether a child would be deceptive in another situation.
The _ perspective views personality as a product of the way that a person thinks about and remembers information. cognitive
Michelle considers herself to be a trait psychologist. Which of the following statements is she most likely to agree with?a) Personality is largely determined by childhood experiences, particularly if they were traumatic.b) Personality is largely a function of the context that a person is in.c) Personality is an imaginary concept, and should be done away with.d) Personality is a collection of stable, unchanging characteristics that are largely consistent. d) Personality is a collection of stable, unchanging characteristics that are largely consistent.
Walter Mischel is a psychologist who became famous in the 1960s as an advocate for _. situationism
Jessie believes that personality is a product of the ways that a child is taught to act (and rewarded/punished accordingly) by his/her parents, teachers, peers, and society.Jessie takes the approach to understanding personality. behavioral
Ryan is a psychologist who believes that personality is largely a function of how neurotransmitters operate in the brain.Ryan takes the __ approach to understanding personality. Biological
The _ approach to psychology views personality as a function of one’s internal drive to succeed and meet one’s potential. humanistic
Which of the following is the best definition of modern personality psychology?a) the study of how childhood experiences influence later developmentb) the study of universal thoughts and behaviors that everyone experiencesc) the study of individual differences in thought and behaviord) the study of the power of the situation in determining thoughts and behavior c) the study of individual differences in thought and behavior
Interactionism is the perspective that __. Traits and situations influence each other, and work together to drive human thought and behavior
Psychology studies are sometimes criticized for having low _ because they are often conducted on college students. generalizability
_ research is the type that is best suited to establish causation. Experimental
Jorge creates a survey to measure empathy. He finds that when a person takes the survey in the morning, he/she gets a very similar score as when they take it in the evening.This finding suggests that Jorge’s survey has high _. test-retest reliability
Imagine that you find a correlation of -.31 between a person’s liking of chocolate ice cream and their GPA. This correlation suggests that . the more you like chocolate ice cream, the lower your GPA is likely to beand the less you like chocolate ice cream, the higher your GPA is likely to be
_ helps prevent order effects in an experiment. counterbalancing
Which of the following is the largest correlation coefficient? A) +.44 B) -.80 C) +.63 D) -.26 B) -.80
Which of the following is the best example of life-outcome data (L-data)? A) examining someone’s driving record B) giving someone a self-esteem questionnaire C) asking someone’s friends about their habits and characteristics D) putting someone into a controlled situation to see how they react A) examining someone’s driving record
Which of the following is an advantage of using observer-report data (O-data) in personality research? A) Observers often have access to information that the person themselves may not have. B) Observers are typically unbiased. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B A) Observers often have access to information that the person themselves may not have.
Sandra is a researcher who finds a correlation of +.52 between cleanliness and punctuality. This finding suggests that _. people who are cleaner are more likely to be on time
You want to know whether shy people perform better on psychology tests in the morning or in the evening. So you recruit a sample of shy people, give half of them a test in the morning and the other half an evening test. You then compare their results.In this experiment, taking the test in the morning vs. the evening is the _. independent variable
Joe is a very organized person. He has separate notebooks for each class, and each notebook is broken up into color-coded, organized sections. Joe hates to be late for things, and prefers to make concrete plans and stick to them.Based on this description, Joe would probably have a high _ score. conscientiousness
According to the Act Frequency Approach, the more prototypical that a behavior is of a trait, _. the more we attribute that trait to the acting person
In a typical circumplex trait taxonomy, traits that are on opposite sides of the circle are _. negatively correlated
“When trying to identify the most “”important”” traits in a personality, the _ approach examines languages to look for trait-descriptive adjectives.” lexical
According to research presented in class, _ is the Big Five trait that is the best predictor of workplace performance. conscientiousness
Factor analysis is an example of the _ approach to creating trait taxonomies statistical
“Which of the following is NOT a “”super-trait”” in Eysenck’s hierarchical taxonomy of traits? A) psychoticism B) neuroticism C) extraversion D) openness” D) openness
Scott and Charles are roommates, and they get along quite well. However, problems arise when they want to get dinner together. Scott always wants to go to his favorite Thai restaurant, but Charles is tired of going there and wants to try something new instead.Which of the Big Five personality traits best captures this personality difference between Scott and Charles? Openness
The Act Frequency Approach to personality views traits as _. descriptions of behaviors
Someone who scores high in _ within Eysenck’s taxonomy is likely to act in aggressive and impulsive ways, but not to be very concerned about whether they cause suffering to others. psychoticism
“The legal concept of “”disparate impact”” refers most directly to potential unfairness in _.” hiring practices
Jorge is a quiet, reserved person. As such, he tends to prefer attending social events that are quiter with smaller groups. Jorge’s preference is an example of the principle of _, within interactionism. situational selection
Which of the following is a criticism of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? A) low reliability for many test-takers B) it assumes differences between categories, but not within C) relatively low predictive validity D) all of the above D) all of the above-low reliability for many test-takers-it assumes differences between categories, but not within-relatively low predictive validity
“In order for psychologists to consider a characteristic as a “”trait””, it must be _.” Indicative of meaningful individual differences stable over time consistent across situations
The _ is a personality test that is designed to test specific job-related motivations within the scope of the five-factor model (Big 5). Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI)
In a study presented in class (Fleeson et al., 2002), introverted people who acted in an extraverted manner subsequently _. experienced more positive emotions
“An “”infrequency scale”” is typically used to detect the possibility of _ on a self-report measure.” carelessness
Psychologists sometimes use the Crowne-Marlowe scale as a way to control for _ in self-report measures. self-presentation concerns
You want to borrow $20 from your parents. Which of the following approaches best represents the foot-in-the-door technique? first ask for $5
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? A) thinking vs. feeling B) judging vs. perceiving C) extraversion vs. introversion D) openness vs. routine D) openness vs. routine
Which of the following is NOT one of the major components of temperament (Rothbart & Bates, 2006)? A) activity level B) irritability C) sleep patterns D) attention span C) sleep patterns
People who are high sensation-seekers are more likely than other people to . -speed while driving -engage in risky sexual behavior -prefer energetic music
Which of the following statements is true about a child’s temperament? A) A child’s temperament is a good predictor of their personality later in life. B) Temperament appears to be heritable. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B C) both A and B-A child’s temperament is a good predictor of their personality later in life.-Temperament appears to be heritable.
A _ study is one that repeatedly tests the same group of participants over a long period of time. longitudinal study
A person’s level of self-esteem (high vs. low) is _ correlated with self-esteem variability (stable vs. fragile). not
People with _ self-esteem tend to experience more positive life outcomes, on average, than people with other forms of self-esteem. high, stable
When Lindsay was a child in school, she was always one of the most extraverted girls in her classes. Now as an adult, Lindsay doesn’t go out with people quite as often, but she is still one of the most extraverted women in her office.Lindsay has demonstrated _ with respect to extraversion. rank order stability
The law of optimum arousal states that people will typically perform best when they are at a _ level of arousal. moderate
Personality coherence is best defined as _. trait stability, though with different behavioral expressions over time
Sensation-seeking tends to be highest during . adolescence
The _ perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in determining personality. psychoanalytic
Which of the following is the best definition of personality? a) the way that a person reacts to a certain situation b) a person’s usual pattern of behavior, feeling, and thoughts c) a person’s ability to remember self-relevant information d) the social context that a person finds him/herself in b) a person’s usual pattern of behavior, feeling, and thoughts
The _ approach to understanding personality focuses on how people process information. cognitive
Walter Mischel is a psychologist who became famous in the 1960s for arguing that _. the effect of personality was too small to study, and that we should instead focus on situations
Which of the following is the best example of person-situation interaction driving behavior? a) Michelle has an above-average IQ. b) Juan tends to enjoy new experiences and trying new things. c) Jenny is usually fairly quiet, but she tends to be more talkative at parties. d) David is a thrill-seeker who loves rollercoasters and skydiving. c) Jenny is usually fairly quiet, but she tends to be more talkative at parties.
Chris wants to know if attending driving school causes new drivers to have fewer car accidents. So he randomly assigns half of his new drivers to go to driving school, while the other half do not. He then keeps track of how many accidents each driver has in the following year.In the experiment described above, _ is the dependent variable. the number of accidents a person gets in
_ research is the type of research that is best suited to assess causation. experimental
Phil is a psychologist who is interested in the relationship between traits and success at work. So he has each employee at Company X complete a questionnaire about how extraverted he/she is. Phil then keeps track of how many sales are completed by each employee over the next 5 years.Which types of data has Phil collected in this study? self-report data (S-data) & life-outcome data (L-data)
A researcher studies the correlation between extraversion and number of words spoken in a day, and she finds a correlation of +.53.Which of the following is the best interpretation of this result? a) Being extraverted causes people to speak fewer words in a day. b) People with higher extraversion scores tend to speak more words in a day. c) People with lower extraversion scores tend to speak more words in a day. d) Being extraverted causes people to speak more words in a day. b) People with higher extraversion scores tend to speak more words in a day.
If a personality test gives the same results for a person upon repeated testing, that test is said to have high _. reliability
If a personality test measures the thing(s) that it claims to measure, that test is said to have high _. validity
Which type of data is most likely to be influenced by social desirability concerns? self-report data
Which of the following is the best example of observer-report research? a) Matt explains to an interviewer why he enjoys going to parties so much. b) Magdalena completes a survey about her roommates’ habits. c) Susan gives some students a test in a cold room and other students a test in a hot room, and then compares the groups’ results on an IQ test. d) Josh completes a survey about his favorite types of food. b) Magdalena completes a survey about her roommates’ habits.
Which of the following is an example of using a self-report measure of personality? a) A psychologist observes whether people eat alone or in groups at the food court in the mall. b) A researcher interviews Andrea about her husband’s likes and dislikes. c) A researcher finds that students who get more sleep tend to have higher GPAs. d) Paul takes a survey that asks about how clean, meticulous, and detail-oriented he is. d) Paul takes a survey that asks about how clean, meticulous, and detail-oriented he is.
A researcher finds that people with high self-esteem tend to have low levels of depression.In this study, the researcher has found a _ correlation between self-esteem and depression. negative
Which of the following traits is NOT included in Eysenck’s taxonomy of traits? a) empathy b) psychoticism c) neuroticism d) extraversion a) empathy
Roger is an organized person. He keeps a neat house, updates his calendar regularly, and is always on time. He is also detail-oriented, and gets his work done despite any distractions.Given this description, Roger likely has a high _ score. conscientiousness
Jon is a confrontational person. He tends to be skeptical and cynical, and he acts aggressively with others. Jon likely scores low on _. agreeableness
Which of the following is true of people who score highly in openness? a) They have a high likelihood of being depressed. b) They prefer following routines, rather than being spontaneous. c) They tend to be creative. d) They tend to be politically conservative. c) They tend to be creative.
Neuroticism is defined by _. frequent and intense negative feelings
_ is a statistical technique that correlates people’s self-ratings of traits, and was instrumental in creating the Big Five. factor analysis
Kim enjoys being around other people, takes charge when working in a group, and is physically active. Given these characteristics, which Big Five trait does Kim likely score highly on? extraversion
Which type of data does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) collect? self report data (s-data)
“The “”foot-in-the-door”” technique was presented in class as an example of _.” manipulation
The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) is a personality test that is often used in personnel selection in the workplace.Which of the following is NOT one of the workplace motives that is included in the HPI?a) predictability b) the opportunity to be creative c) acceptance by co-workers d) status and control of resources b) the opportunity to be creative
Lisa is a freshman in college who has been assigned a roommate that she has never met before. However, her friends tell her that her new roommate is very shy. As such, Lisa tries to give her roommate space, and doesn’t talk to her very much. But because of this, the roommate keeps to herself, and doesn’t engage with Lisa socially.This is an example of _. evocation
Which of the following personality tests is most commonly used in clinical settings? a) Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) b) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) c) NEO-PI-R d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Which of the following is the best example of situational selection? a) Maria tries to convince her parents to let her borrow the car this weekend. b) Sean is an introvert, and therefore decides to skip the big party that is happening tonight. c) Peter is very open to new experiences and trying new things. d) Dana leads others to act as she expects them to. b) Sean is an introvert, and therefore decides to skip the big party that is happening tonight.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality test that was based, in part, on the work of _. Carl Jung
Situationists have pointed out that personality expression can vary widely from one context to another.Which of the following methodologies did trait psychologists adopt in order to deal with this issue? a) case studies b) factor analysis c) aggregation d) cross-sectional research c) aggregation
Which of the following is the best example of personality coherence? a) Paula was the tallest girl in school, and is now the tallest woman at her job.b) When John was a child, he stole other students’ lunch money. As an adult, he has a criminal record for assault and battery. c) Aaron has always considered pizza to be his favorite food. d) Susana has become much less neurotic as she has gotten older. b) When John was a child, he stole other students’ lunch money. As an adult, he has a criminal record for assault and battery.
“””Temperament”” usually refers to individual differences that _.” emerge early in life
Which of the following is the best example of a longitudinal study? a) A psychologist recruits 10 year olds and 40 year olds for a study, and compares their results on a personality test. b) A psychologist finds a negative correlation between hours spent studying and GPA. c) A psychologist measures personality among a sample of 6 year olds, and then administers personality tests to that same group repeatedly over the next 10 years. d) A psychologist finds a positive correlation between hours spent studying and GPA. c) A psychologist measures personality among a sample of 6 year olds, and then administers personality tests to that same group repeatedly over the next 10 years.
Which of the following is NOT one of the components of temperament? a) duration of orienting b) activity level c) soothability d) creativity d) creativity
Leslie is in 8th grade. Her class took an IQ test at the beginning of the year, and then all students were re-tested at the end of the year. All students showed improved scores upon re-testing, but Leslie was near the top of her class both times that they were tested.This is an example of _. rank order stability
Which Big Five trait tends to change the most with age? Neuroticism
Which of the following personality traits is most closely tied to a long lifespan? a) low levels of conscientiousness b) low levels of extraversion c) low levels of neuroticism d) low levels of openness c) low levels of neuroticism
The theory of optimum arousal suggests that people perform best when they are experiencing a level of arousal. moderate
A person with _ self-esteem is more likely to be anxious and/or depressed than a person with _ self-esteem. fragile; stable
Which of the following people is likely to score highest in sensation-seeking? a) a 30 year old b) a 40 year old c) a 20 year old d) a 10 year old c) a 20 year old
“Describe the concept of self-esteem variability. (Make sure to include the terms “”fragile self-esteem”” and “”stable self-esteem””.) Why is the distinction between fragile and stable self-esteem an important one to make?” received full points for this answer: Self esteem variability is the extent to which someones self esteem varies/changes over time. Someone with fragile self-esteem is more likely to have their self-esteem fluctuate depending on the situation and current life struggles compared with someone with stable self-esteem who is on the other end of the spectrum who is more likely to maintain the same level of self-esteem over the course of their life. It is important to make the distinction between fragile and stable self-esteem because those who are more fragile are more susceptible to negative feelings compared to someone with a more stable self esteem who is not triggered to the same degree by stress.
How does social desirability influence the validity of self-report data? And how do personality psychologists deal with this influence, when collecting self-report data? received 4 out 5 points for this response: Social desirability is something that can greatly skew the results from self report data. This is because if the test taker is answering based on social desirability rather than their truth the data collected will be useless and inaccurate. Personality psychologist can combat social desirability influence in many ways. One way is to make the self report anonymous and convey that to the test taker which will reduce the likelihood of them answering with social desirability in mind. Another way is put in place questions that are written in such a manner that if the test taker answers all of them in that way they will exclude that test takers answers.
_ is the psychologist who is most closely associated with the development of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Frued
“DRD4 is a gene that is partially responsible for the formation of dopamine receptors. Having a “”long repeat”” vs. “”short repeat”” DRD4 gene has been found to influence _.” novelty seeking
Which of the following is considered to be a projective test of personality? a) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) b) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c) both A and B d) neither A nor B d) neither A nor B
Carl Jung proposed a modification to psychoanalytic theory by suggesting the existence of _. the collective unconscious
You have a friend who tends to be very controlling. She is compulsive, overly neat, rigid, and never messy.From a psychoanalytic perspective, your friend may have become fixated during the _ stage of psychosexual development. anal
Which of the following statements is true about neuroticism among monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a) Neuroticism is positively correlated among DZ twins, but not among MZ twins. b) Neuroticism is positively correlated among both MZ and DZ twins. c) Neuroticism is positively correlated among MZ twins, but not among DZ twins. d) Neuroticism is negatively correlated among both MZ and DZ twins. b) Neuroticism is positively correlated among both MZ and DZ twins.
Which of the following aspects of Erik Erikson’s model is similar to ideas proposed by Freud? a) Erikson believed that people could become fixated at different stages of development, with resulting issues persisting into adulthood. b) Erikson believed that psychologists should focus primarily on the ego. c) both A and B d) neither A nor B a) Erikson believed that people could become fixated at different stages of development, with resulting issues persisting into adulthood.
Which of the following statements is most true about extraverts and introverts? a) Extraverts show higher levels of arousability in the brain than introverts do. b) When at rest, extraverts have much higher levels of brain activity than introverts. c) When at rest, introverts have much higher levels of brain activity than extraverts. d) When at rest, extraverts and introverts have very similar levels of brain activity. d) When at rest, extraverts and introverts have very similar levels of brain activity.
According to the evolutionary perspective, men and women have different sexual and romantic preferences because men and women differ in terms of _. parental investment
Which of the following is a protein base of DNA? a) cortisol b) thymine c) both A and B d) neither A nor B b) thymine
Researchers have found that a person’s physical height has a heritability of .90.Which of the following is the best interpretation of this statistic? a) 10% of the variability in human beings’ height is due to genetics. b) 90% of the variability in human beings’ height is due to genetics. c) 90% of an individual’s height is attributable to genetics. d) 10% of an individual’s height is attributable to genetics. b) 90% of the variability in human beings’ height is due to genetics
_ is a proposed psychoanalytic defense mechanism whereby a person converts their internal psychic energy into socially desired behaviors (such as creating art and music). sublimation
According to evolutionary theory, peacocks’ elaborate tail feathers are an example of _. an adaptation of intersexual selection
Priming which occurs at an unconscious level is sometimes referred to as _. subliminal priming
Dizygotic (DZ) twins share _ of their genes with each other. 50%
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is _. an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters after a neural impulse has passed
Which of the following characteristics has been demonstrated to have a genetic basis? a) attitudes b) drinking and smoking c) both A and B d) neither A nor B c) both A and B-attitudes, drinking and smoking g
People with left frontal asymmetry tend to experience more _ than people with right frontal asymmetry. positive emotions
The _ is a person’s genetic material, while his/her _ is the way that this material is expressed. genotype; phenotype
Bobby is a 3 year old child. He gets very anxious when his mother leaves him alone. But when she returns, Bobby seems to want to be close to her, and yet still acts angrily towards her.Given this description, Bobby likely has a(n) _ attachment to his mother. ambivalent
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a neuroimaging technique that measures _. blood flow in the brain
According to Cloninger’s (1986) tridimensional model of personality, harm avoidance is best predicted by levels of _. seratonin
High sensation seekers tend to have _ levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in their bloodstream. low
According to Sigmund Freud, the Oedipus complex occurs during the _ stage of his model of psychosexual development. phallic
According to Erik Erikson’s stage model of development, which virtue is developed earliest in a person’s life? trust
“Which of the following did Charles Darwin consider to be a “”hostile force of nature””? a) predators b) diseases c) storms d) all of the above” d) all of the above-predators, disease and storms
_ is a psychologist who is famous for a feminist reinterpretation of Freudian concepts. Karen Horney
According to research on the circadian rhythm, a person’s preference for morning activities is _ correlated with the timing of their peak body temperature during the day. negatively
According to Freud, the _ is the component of personality that is driven by the pleasure principle. id
“The “”Cyberball”” studies presented in class are a demonstration of human reactions when the _ has not been satisfied.” need to belong
Imagine that you are a psychoanalyst who is seeing a patient named Linda. During your sessions with Linda, she tends to derail the conversation, focus on trivial matters, and avoid important topics.From a psychoanalytic perspective, these behaviors would be seen as examples of _. resistance
Sigmund Freud is famous, in part, for proposing the idea of _. the unconscious
The _ is a brain structure that Hans Eysenck focused on when studying the origins of extraversion and introversion. ascending reticular activation
Which of the following statements best summarizes the research on sex differences in romantic jealousy? a) Men typically become more jealous about physical infidelity, while women typically become more jealous about emotional infidelity. b) Both women and men become more jealous about physical infidelity than emotional infidelity. c) Men typically become more jealous about emotional infidelity, while women typically become more jealous about physical infidelity. d) Men and women become equally jealous about both physical and emotional infidelity. a) Men typically become more jealous about physical infidelity, while women typically become more jealous about emotional infidelity.
_ is a physiological measure of sweat gland activity. Electrodermal activity
“Evolutionary psychologists have argued that the Big Five personality traits are individual differences in solutions to certain adaptive problems.In particular, the trait of _ is seen as an answer to the question “”Who can I go to for wise, creative advice?””.” openness
According to the principle of kin selection, which of the following people would you be most likely to help in a life-or-death situation (assuming that you could only help one person)? your identical (monozygotic) twin
The textbook describes Paul Ekman’s research on the universality of basic emotions. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic emotions? a) happiness b) empathy c) fear d) All of the above are basic emotions. b) empathy
Which of the following statements best describes modern research on memory repression? a) People often repress memories from early childhood. b) People seem to repress memories frequently, but only if those memories are emotional. c) People seem to repress memories frequently, but only if those memories are not emotional. d) There is little-to-no evidence to suggest that emotional memories are repressed. d) There is little-to-no evidence to suggest that emotional memories are repressed.
Object relations theory assumes that _. Relationships with external others (especially parents) are more important than the internal wishes, desires, and urges of a child.and External others (especially the mother) become internalized by a child in the form of a mental object.
“Why did Sigmund Freud consider his patients’ dreams to be so important? (Make sure to use the terms “”manifest content”” and “”latent content”” in your answer.)” full credit for this answer: Sigmund Freud believed that dreams where the way the unconscious expressed repressed emotions and experiences. He believed that by taking a closer look at someones dreams one could come to terms with issues pressing on them that they had no conscious awareness of. When Freud used the term manifest content he was referring to the dream itself looking at the dream in a literal sense. For example if you dreamed you were at disney land and you met the character Belle that would be the literal interpretation of the dream as you saw it. Latent content is taking a symbolic approach to the dream. For instance going to Disneyland for you could mean that you have a longing to be childlike and
Describe the adaptive value of the need to belong. In other words, why is the need to belong a valuable adaptation in terms of evolution? full credit for this answer: The need to belong is this universal and innate need to feel loved, included which in turn makes one feel good and full filled. The need to belong is adaptive because being a part of a group can help keep you safe when growing up. For instance being apart of a tribe of people is much more adaptive then being a lone wolf taking on life by ones self. Especially for young children they need the support of their parents to take care of their physical and emotional needs until they can do so more independently. Evolutionary psychologists believe that every trait that has survived up until this point in time has to be adaptive for survival because if it wasn’t then it would not have been passed along for all these years. The need to belong is a universal thing, as humans we are social creatures and thrive off of positive social support and interaction.
Sam’s parents want him to stop breaking curfew. Next time that he breaks curfew, they take his cell phone away for a week.What type of reinforcement/punishment is being used by Sam’s parents? negative punishment
“Henry Murray described his hierarchy of needs as “”dynamic”” because _.” the levels of our various needs interact to motivate behavior
Which of the following is used as a measure of a person’s field dependence/independence? A) the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory B) the Rod-and-Frame Test C) the Implicit Association Test D) the Thematic Apperception Test B) the Rod-and-Frame Test
When we are in a state of objective self-awareness, we often tend to __. compare our actual self to our possible selves
Which of the following is the correct sequence of needs within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (from the bottom of the hierarchy to the top)? A) love/belongingness needs, safety needs, self-actualization, physiological needs, esteem needs B) self-actualization, physiological needs, esteem needs, safety needs, love/belongingness needs C) esteem needs, physiological needs, safety needs, self-actualization, love/belongingness needs D) physiological needs, safety needs, love/belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization D) physiological needs, safety needs, love/belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization
Happy people typically have high levels of _ and low levels of __. extraversion; neuroticism
In a study presented in class (Langer & Rodin, 1979), residents of a nursing home were randomly-assigned to have either high or low levels of control over their day-to-day lives.Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of this study? A) Residents in the low control group lived longer than residents in the high control group, but they also had more adjustment problems. B) Residents in the high control group lived longer and had fewer adjustment problems than residents in the low control group. C) Residents in the high control group lived longer than residents in the low control group, but they also had more adjustment problems. D) Residents in the low control group lived longer and had fewer adjustment problems than residents in the high control group. B) Residents in the high control group lived longer and had fewer adjustment problems than residents in the low control group.
is the idea that one’s personality may elicit certain reactions from other people. Evocation
The average human child begins passing the mirror test of self-recognition by the time he/she is _ old. 18 months old
“In a study presented in class (Derry & Kuiper, 1981), researchers recruited three groups of participants: depressed patients, non-depressed patients, and non-patients (“”normals””). Participants took a memory test for a word list, which contained both depression-related words and non-depression-related words.Based on your knowledge of cognition, which group displayed a better memory for the depression-related words?” depressed patients
Which of the following has been demonstrated to be true about the relationship between happiness and positive life outcomes? A) Happiness has been shown to lead to positive life outcomes. B) Positive life outcomes have been shown to lead to happiness. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B C) both A and BHappiness has been shown to lead to positive life outcomes. and Positive life outcomes have been shown to lead to happiness.
Emotional states tend to be _, while emotional traits tend to be _. short-lived; long-lasting
Susan is the president of the student council. When working with this group, she tends to take charge and assume a leadership role. If someone else tries to step into that role, she gets anxious and stressed.Given this description, Susan is likely high in _. the need for power
Theresa recently immigrated to the United States from Mexico. She now feels torn between clinging to her Mexican culture, and adopting American culture.According to Erik Erikson, Theresa is experiencing an identity . conflict
According to research presented in class (Toma, 2013), a boost in implicit self-esteem is likely to lead to _ effort on a subsequent cognitive task. decreased
Research on self-schemas suggests that people tend to like others who see them in ways. schema consistent
People with a high need for achievement usually pursue goals of _ difficulty. moderate
Emily feels a strong internal locus of control in her life. Which of the following is also likely to be true about Emily? A) Emily is likely to have come from a poorer socioeconomic background than a person with an external locus of control. B) Emily is less likely to be depressed than a person with an external locus of control. C) Emily is less likely to receive promotions at work than a person with an external locus of control. D) Emily likely earns lower grades than a person with an external locus of control. B) Emily is less likely to be depressed than a person with an external locus of control.
Implicit self-esteem is best described as a version of self-esteem that is _. unconscious automatic
Ivan Pavlov presented one of the most famous examples of classical conditioning in his studies of dogs. He rang a bell each time that he fed his dogs, and before long, the dogs began to salivate merely at the sound of the bell.In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? the sound of the bell
The dimensional approach to emotions typically finds that people classify their emotions along two dimensions: _ and _. pleasant vs. unpleasant; high arousal vs. low arousal
Tim is a field-independent person. Which of the following is likely also true about Tim? A) Tim is more likely to be a teacher than to be an engineer. B) Tim is more likely than a field dependent person to be aware of social cues and responsive to them. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B D) neither A nor B
Which of the following people is most likely to follow medical advice from his doctor? A) Chris, who has a strong external locus of control B) Matt, who has a strong internal locus of control C) Tom, who is experiencing learned helplessness D) Chris, Matt, and Tom are equally likely to follow doctors’ instructions B) Matt, who has a strong internal locus of control
“Henry Murray was a psychologist who believed that “”needs”” are motivations to _.” maintain homeostasis
Which of the following is true about George Kelly’s personal construct theory? a) According to Kelly, personal constructs are organized hierarchically. b) According to Kelly, all people use the same personal constructs. c) According to Kelly, personal construct have very little effect on our perceptions of others. d) According to Kelly, people feel anxiety when their personal constructs accurately explain the world. a) According to Kelly, personal constructs are organized hierarchically.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between money and happiness? A) People who spend money on material objects are happier than people who spend money on experiences. B) Lottery winners experience a long-term boost in happiness after winning the lottery. C) Money and happiness are positively correlated for all people. The more money that a person has, the happier he/she will be. D) People who spend money on others are happier than people who spend money on themselves. D) People who spend money on others are happier than people who spend money on themselves.
The concept of assortative mating states that _. people seek out romantic partners who are similar to themselves
“””Active listening”” and “”unconditional positive regard”” are critical components of the therapy approach created by _.” Carl Rodgers
Which of the following is true about people who are high in affect intensity? A) They have less sympathetic nervous system activity than people with low affect intensity. B) They experience both positive and negative emotions more strongly than people with low affect intensity. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B B) They experience both positive and negative emotions more strongly than people with low affect intensity.
When faced with failures, people with depression tend to use a(n) _ explanatory style. internal
There is little difference between men and women when it comes to most manipulation tactics. However, women are slightly more likely to use the tactic than men are. regression
Psychologists often distinguish between two components of happiness: the cognitive component and the affective component.There is typically a _ correlation between these two components. positive
Josh is telling anyone who will listen that he is sure that he will fail his upcoming chemistry exam. This is an example of using _ as a self-esteem protective measure. defense pessimism
Rational-emotive therapy is a _ therapy approach that challenges the irrational thoughts that promote depression. cognitive
Bill is generally a happy, satisfied person. Which of the following is also likely to be true about Bill? A) Bill is likely to focus on positive information when perceiving the world. B) Bill is likely to ignore negative information when perceiving the world. C) Bill is likely to interpret ambiguous information in a positive manner when perceiving the world. D) all of the above D) all of the above
Which of the following is the best personality predictor of relationship satisfaction? A) high agreeableness B) low extraversion C) low conscientiousness D) high neuroticism A) high agreeableness
Learned helplessness is most likely to happen to a person when that person _. experiences negative events that are out of his/her control
Which of the following is NOT one of Paul Ekman’s basic emotions?A) fear B) empathy C) happiness D) disgust B) empathy
“Which of the following is an example of a “”possible self””? A) ideal self B) ought self C) feared self D) all of the above” D) all of the above
Which of the following combinations is particularly likely among people with fragile self-esteem? A) high explicit self-esteem & low implicit self-esteem B) low explicit self-esteem & low implicit self-esteem C) high explicit self-esteem & high implicit self-esteem D) low explicit self-esteem & high implicit self-esteem A) high explicit self-esteem & low implicit self-esteem
What are the benefits of being a field independent person? What are the benefits of being a field dependent person? “full credit for this response:The benefits of being a field independent person is that they are able to focus on the stimulus that is most important and ignore the irrelevant stimulus to solve problems. For instance they are very good at the hidden figures test because they can ignore the distracting stimulus of the whole and concentrate and easily find the hidden figures. This same skill can be applied to being able to identify “”difficult”” facial expressions better than field dependent people. Field independent people are better cops in the sense that they use this way of interpreting the world to have faster reaction times for identifying who is a threat and who is a civilian. Field independent people are also good at a classroom setting online with lots of different type media. Field independent people tend to follow careers in the fields of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering. The benefits of being a field dependent person is having great social skills and being able to make accurate abstract assumptions regarding social situations. Field dependent people tend to look at things from an external point of view which aids them with their communication and empathetic skills. Field dependent people tend to follow careers in social sciences and education. Even though they may get distracted with an overwhelming amount of stimulus they can use their natural tendency to look outward to connect with others. I would consider my self to be an field dependent person. Both field independent and field dependent people have benefits and weakness, meaning for every weakness the other has they have a strength and vice versa. Different doesn’t necessarily mean bad it just means that different people interpret the world in different ways and should in turn use their knowledge of their strengths and their weaknesses to be successful.”
Briefly describe the self-esteem Implicit Association Test (SE-IAT). How does this test determine whether you have high or low implicit self-esteem? “full credit for this response:The Self-Esteem Implicit Association Test, was designed to test one’s fast and immediate reactions to words in order to identify one’s implicit self-esteem which would otherwise be unknown. The test uses descriptive words that are either negative or positive. Depending on how fast a participant identifies with a word, which means they click that word, depending on its “”charge”” showcases the person’s implicit self-esteem. For instance a person who has high explicit self esteem but low implicit self esteem recorded by the test would be be highly likely to be a narcissist. This means on the exterior and to the world this person seems so confident about themselves but on the inside unconsciously they could be really insecure. Testing one’s implicit self esteem is not easy but I think the psychologists who created this test were very creative and smart to use speed/time and trigger words to better understand their participants implicit self-esteem.”
The socialization perspective says that sex/gender differences exist because . different behaviors are reinforced for boys and for girls
When examining sex differences, psychologists often use a statistical approach known as _, which combines the results of multiple studies on a topic to identify common findings and trends in the literature on that topic. meta-analysis
Research on the people-things dimension suggests that women are more likely than men to be a __. teacher
Within psychological research, an effect size of 0.80 is considered to be a _ effect. large
Extraversion levels tend to be fairly similar for men and women overall. However, there is a moderate-to-large effect size when comparing men and women on which specific component of extraversion? assertiveness
According to research presented in class (Else-Quest et al., 2006), young girls tend to have _ inhibitory control and _ perceptual sensitivity than young boys. more; more
Which of the Big Five personality traits shows the smallest overall sex difference, on average? openness
Which of the Big Five personality traits shows the largest overall sex difference, on average? neuroticism
Studies on childhood temperament suggest that boys typically display higher levels of _ than girls. surgency
Which of the following is the best definition of gender? a) identifying oneself as male or female b) being male or female due to primary sex characteristics (e.g. reproductive system anatomy) c) socially shared stereotypes about men and women d) being male or female due to secondary sex characteristics (e.g. hormonal balance) a) identifying oneself as male or female
Kim was born and raised in China, but she moved to the United States a few years ago.According to research on acculturation, which culture will be a more important factor in defining Kim’s self-concept? It depends on which culture Kim identifies more closely with.
Transmitted culture is best defined as _. the aspects of culture that are passed from one person to another
Which of the following is the best example of evoked culture? a) The Big Five personality traits are remarkably consistent around the world. b) Children learn about social norms through media and peers. c) Parents teach their children to have the same religious beliefs as them. d) People are more likely to cooperate if food is a limited and unreliable resource. d) People are more likely to cooperate if food is a limited and unreliable resource.
“””I like to live life with a lot of positive energy. I feel like there is so much to do and see and experience. However, I also know the role of relaxation. I love the obscure. I play Ultimate Frisbee, juggle, unicycle, and dabble on the recorder and concertina. I have a taste for the unique. I am very friendly and in most situations very self-confident.”” The person who made the statement above is likely from a(n) _ culture.” independent
People from interdependent cultures tend to process sensory information _, while those from independent cultures tend to process sensory information _. holistically; analytically
Cultures are more likely to be cooperative if they have a _ food source. high variance
Evoked culture is best defined as _. aspects of culture that come about as a product of environmental pressures
Adults are likely to be more committed to stable, committed relationships if they were exposed to _ as children. responsive, consistent parenting
When researchers attempt to replicate the Big Five in other cultures, there is one trait that does not always reliably come out of factor analysis. Which trait is it? Openness
“””I cannot decide quickly what I should do, and am often swayed by other people’s opinions, and I cannot oppose the opinions of people who are supposed to be respected because of age or status. Even if I have displeasure, I compromise myself to the people around me without getting rid of the displeasure. Also, I am concerned about how other people think about me.”” The person who made the statement above is likely from a(n) _ culture.” Interdependent
Emotional inhibition displays a _ correlation with level of physiological arousal. negative
Imagine that your car (which is usually reliable) broke down on your way to school today, causing you to miss your personality psychology class. You are stressed out about this!Which type of stress are you experiencing? acute stress
Which type of stress is usually associated with the LEAST intense health problems? acute stress
ype A personalities often have health issues because of long-term damage to _. arteries
_ is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stressors. Cortisol
The HPA axis refers to biological structures that are involved with our physiological responses to stress. Which of the following structures is NOT included in the HPA axis? hippocampus
_ is the psychologist who is most directly associated with studying the health outcomes that are associated with stress. Hans Selye
Which of the following is NOT included as a stage in Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome model of stress? A) fatigue B) resistance C) alarm D) exhaustion A) fatigue
Cortisol typically directs energy resources (i.e. glucose) towards _ and away from _. the brain & major muscles; the immune system
Which component of the Type A personality is the best predictor of negative health outcomes? hostility
People with _ personality disorder are preoccupied with perfectionist standards and details. They can have trouble finishing projects, because they get so wrapped up in trying to meet those standards. obsessive-compulsive
“Salvador is extremely uncomfortable in social situations. He sees himself as very “”different”” from other people, and he is highly distrustful of others. His anxiety in social situations, paired with his odd beliefs, create a number of problems in his life.Which personality disorder is Salvador likely experiencing?” schizotypal
Personality disorders that are characterized by erratic/dramatic/emotional thoughts and behaviors are diagnosed as _ disorders. Cluster B
Personality disorders that are characterized by anxious/fearful thoughts and behaviors are diagnosed as _ disorders. Cluster C
Personality disorders that are characterized by odd/eccentric thoughts and behaviors are diagnosed as _ disorders. Cluster A
“Wayne has a strong need to be admired by others. He has high self-esteem, but it is a fragile type that is dependent on admiration from others. Wayne surrounds himself with socially “”weak”” people so that he can always be the highest-status person. Even when his friends do accomplish something, he diminishes their achievements to maintain his own image.Which personality disorder best describes Wayne?” narcissistic personality disorder
_ personality disorder is characterized by instability of relationships, emotions, and self-concept. Borderline
Adrian Raine’s research has found that, compared to a control group, murderers tend to have less neural activity in the _ and _. frontal lobe & amygdala
rica always needs others to make decisions for her, and she relies on others for direction. Her submissiveness and difficulty taking initiative are causing problems in her relationship with her boyfriend.Erica may be experiencing _ personality disorder. dependent
Thoughts and behaviors are typically considered to be disordered if they are __. deviant distressfuldysfunctional