Exam 1: BIOS 242 / BIOS242 Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Chamberlain
Exam 1: BIOS 242 / BIOS242 Fundamentals
of Microbiology with Lab (Latest 2024/ 2025
Update) Questions and Verified Answers|
100% Correct| Grade A- Chamberlain
Q: what is pasteur known for?
Answer:
1) busting the spontaneous germ theory
2) create pasteurization
Q: what is robert hooke known for?
Answer:
First observations of microbes
Q: what is antonie van leeuwenhoek known for?
Answer:
Made a crude microscope to examine threat in fabrics. Also created drawings of “animalcules”.
Q: what is robert koch known for?
Answer:
Linked specific microorganisms to specific diseases
Q: what is dr. Oliver wendell holmes and dr. Ignaz semmelweis known for?
Answer:
Washing hands/disinfection – found out the infection in maternity ward after physicians did not
wash hand in the autopsy room.
Q: what is joseph lister known for?
Answer:
Introducing hand washing and misting to operations rooms.
Q: what is alexander fleming known for?
Answer:
Discovering penicillin
Q: what are some of koch’s postulates?
Answer:
The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease.
The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.
The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a
healthy susceptible host
The bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.
Q: what are the five i’s?
Answer:
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
Q: define culture
Answer:
Any growth that appears in or on the medium after incubation
Q: define medium
Answer:
A nutrient-containing environment in which microbes can multiply
Q: define sterile
Answer:
Free of microbes
Q: what is selective media?
Answer:
Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes – encourages a select
microbe to grow!
Q: what is a differential media?
Answer:
Allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow, but display visible differences between
colonies.
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List the major groups of microorganisms. Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi, Microbs, Viruses, Viroids, Prions
What is a Viroid? Viroids are infectious RNA pathogenic nucleotides in plants/fungi
What are Prions? Proteinaceous substance with no nucleic acid
What are Viruses? Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that cause harm
Describe Prokaryotes & how they reproduce. They do not have a nucleus and are categorized by Bacteria and archaea. They reproduce by binary fission
Describe Eukaryotes & how they reproduce. They contain a nucleus and many organelles. They reproduce either by Mitosis, Meiosis, Schizogony, Budding, & Spores.
Describe Medical Microbiology Microbes that cause disease in human and animals
Describe Public Health & Epidemiology Monitor/control spread of diseases in community
Describe Industrial Microbiology Biotech, Beer, Drugs, Filtration of Food/Water
Describe Agricultural Microbiology Microbes and their association with plants/animals
Describe Environmental Microbiology Study of microbes diverse habitats
What is Pasteur known for? 1) Busting the spontaneous germ theory2) Create Pasteurization
What is Robert Hooke known for? First observations of microbes
What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek known for? “Made a crude microscope to examine threat in fabrics. Also created drawings of “”animalcules””.”
What is Robert Koch known for? Linked specific microorganisms to specific diseases
What is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis known for? Washing hands/disinfection – Found out the infection in maternity ward after physicians did not wash hand in the autopsy room.
What is Joseph Lister known for? Introducing hand washing and misting to operations rooms.
What is Alexander Fleming known for? Discovering penicillin
What are some of Koch’s postulates? The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease.The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible hostThe bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.
What are the five I’s? InoculationIncubationIsolationInspectionIdentification
Define Culture Any growth that appears in or on the medium after incubation
Define Medium A nutrient-containing environment in which microbes can multiply
Define Sterile Free of microbes
What is selective media? Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes – Encourages a select microbe to grow!
What is a differential media? Allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow, but display visible differences between colonies.
What is a colony? A discrete mound of cells formed on solid nutrient surface
What is a pure culture? Container of medium that contains only a single known species or type of microorganisms.
What is a steak plate method? An Isolation technique. Culture is spread across the surface of a medium with an inoculation loop.
Mixed culture Container that holds two or more identified, easily differentiated species of microorganisms
Contaminated Culture A culture that was once pure but can no longer be identified.
What are the three properties of an effective microscope? Magnification, Resolution, and Contrast
What are some variations of light miscroscopes? Bright field, dark field, phase-contrast, and interference
What does Fluorescence microscope use? Ultraviolet radiation
What does Confocal microscope use? A Laser beam
What does the electron microscope provide? The highest magnification
What does gram stain detect? Bacteria
What does gram-positive detect and what stain? Gram positive detects bacteria and stains purple. The cell has a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
What does gram-negative detect and what stain? Gram negative detects bacteria stains pink. The cell has a thin cell wall and has an outer membrane.
What is peptidoglycan and function? Found in the cell walls of most bacteria. It provides a strong but flexible framework for support.
Mycobacterium and Nocardia is composed of unique lipids. What are these called? Mycolic acid or cord factor. It is a very-long chain fatty acid. It has resistance to certain chemicals and dyes. Acid-Fast stain is used to diagnoses TB and Leprosy.
What are characteristics of Mycoplasmas? Naturally lack a cell wall and the membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis.
Gram-negative outer membranes are composed of? Lipopolysaccharide – Polysaccharide chains that function as cell markers and receptors.
What are porin proteins? Gram-Negative outer membrane based. Only allow relatively small molecules to penetrate; size can be altered to block the entrance of harmful chemicals.
What are archaea? Single-celled organisms; lack cell nuclei. Are prokaryotes.Most primitive of all life forms
What do methanogens (Archaea)? Convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas.Found near anaerobic swamp/digestive systems of animals.Gas produced in swamps may become a source of fuel. May contribute to greenhouse gases and global warming.
Define halophiles Require salt to grow; exists in salt lakes/mines/fish.Use a red pigment to synthesize ATP in the presence of light.
Define Psychrophiles These grow at very low temperatures.
Define Hyperthermophiles Grow at very high temperatures. Live in volcanic waters
What Eukaryotic organisms are always unicellular? Protozoa’s
What Eukaryotic organisms may be unicellular or multicellular? Fungi and Algae
What Eukaryotic organisms are always multicellular? Helminths
What is the cell wall composed of? Chitin or cellulose in fungi
What are the two groups of fungi? Macroscopic and Microscopic
How do Heterotrophic get their nutrients? Acquired through variety of substrates
How do Saprobes get their nutrients? Dead plants/animals
How do Parasites get their nutrients? Live on bodies of living animals or plants
What are protists? Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues.
What are the two stages of protozoa? Trophozoite – Motile feeding stage and needs moisture to surviveCyst – Dormant and resting stage. Formed when conditions are unfavorable growth/feeding
What cells do viruses consume? All of them; also require a host
Properties of Viruses Infectious particles – Rather than organismsActive or inactive – Rather than alive or deadObligate intracellular parasites – Cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell
Naked vs Enveloped Virus. Which one is stronger? Naked Viruses
What is the general phases in the life infection cycle of animal viruses? AdsorptionPenetrationUncoatingSynthesisAssemblyRelease from host cell
What is a provirus? Viral DNA incorporated into the DNA of the host
What is chronic latent state? Periodic activation after a period of viral inactivity
What are bacteriophages? A virus that infects bacteria. Typically, this will make the bacteria even more infectious.
What are the two bacteriophage life cycles? 1) Lytic cycle – Life cycle of bacteriophage that ends in destruction of the bacterial cell2) Lysogenic cycle – Bacteriophage cycle that becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA.
What is a Prion infection? We do not know. However, it is a protein.
Types of Horizontal gene transfer? Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
What is a spontaneous mutation? Random change in DNA arising from errors in replication that occur randomly
What is induced mutations? Result from exposure to known mutagens
What is a Missense mutation? Change in code that leads to placement of a different amino acid
What is a nonsense mutation? Changes to a normal codon into a stop codon that does not code for an amino acid.
What is a silent mutation? Alters a base, but does not change the amino acid and has no effect.
What is a frameshift mutation? Occurs when one or more bases are inserted into or deleted from a newly synthesized DNA strand.