Exam 1: BIOS 252 / BIOS252 (2024/ 2025 Update) Anatomy and Physiology II Exam Review| Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Rated A -Chamberlain
Exam 1: BIOS 252 / BIOS252 (2024/ 2025
-Triple-helix: Three chains are braided together
lower right regionhttps://learnexams.com/search/study?query=
What is anatomy and physiology?
• Anatomy-study of the structures of the human body.
Define buffer
form chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases to maintain a relatively stable pH, maintains homeostasis
Define metabolism
refers to the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and they provide the body with energy.
Define homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment, maintains state of balance
Define differentiation
The process by which cells become progressively more specialized; a normal process through which cells mature
Define histology
study of tissues
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
coronal plane(or frontal)
divides body into front and back
transverse plane
line that divides the body into upper and lower sections
Superior position
toward the head, upper, above
inferior position
toward the feet, lower, below
Anterior position(ventral)
Front side/in front of
Posterior position(dorsal)
a body part is located toward the back. (dorsal)
medial position
Toward the midline of the body
lateral position
away from the midline
Proximal position
Proximal refers to a part of the body that is closer to the origin of that body part.
Distal position
Farther from the point of origin of a structure or farther from the reference point or the midline axis
superficial
(adj.) on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow
deep
away from the surface
anatomical position
Body is standing erect, feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward
Levels of organization
atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
Atoms and molecules
smallest component of an element, building blocks of all matter, has nucleus with protons, neutrons and electrons
Cells
the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals
Tissues
organizations of similar cells
Organs
organizations of different kinds of tissues
Organ Systems
organizations of many different kinds of organs
Organism
Any living thing
pH scale
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Function of protein
Very large molecules made up of amino acids held together in long, folded chains by peptide bonds
Function of ATP
transfer and storage of energy
Function of lipids
made out of fatty acids and glycerol
Function of DNA
used as the cell’s “master code” for assembling proteins
Function of amino acids
building of proteins and contribute to the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
Function of water
inorganic compound essential to life
Describe protons
positive charge, their number equals atomic number/place on periodic table, located in nucleus
Describe neutrons
Uncharged particle in nucleus
Describe electrons
Negative charge, Electrons orbit around the nucleus
Atomic mass
number of protons and neutrons combined
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Enzymes and their function
-type of protein, chemical catalysts
List and describe the chemical structure/components of DNA
-Used as the cell’s “master code” for assembling proteins
primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
secondary structure of protein
refers to the way that amino acids lie next to each other in space.
tertiary structure of protein
involves the attractions and repulses between the side-chain groups of the amino acids in the polypeptide chains.
quaternary structure of a protein
combination of two or more protein strands to form a larger and biologically active protein. Involves multiple protein chains
right hypochondriac region
right lateral region just below the ribs
right lumbar region
right middle region near the waist
right iliac region
lower right region
epigastric region
upper central region of the abdomen
umbilical region
The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
left hypochondriac region
left upper region below the rib cartilage
left lumbar region
left middle region near the waist
left iliac region
lower left region
dorsal cavity
contains the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity
Mediastinum—midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
contains all abdominal and pelvic organs
pelvic cavity
bladder, reproductive organs, lowest part of intestine
function of carbohydrates
Made out of monosaccharides, Organic(contains carbon),
Catalyst effect on chemical reaction
speeds up a chemical reaction, without being consumed by the reaction. It increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy for a reaction.
Concentration of Substrate effect on chemical reaction
increasing Substrate Concentration increases the rate of reaction, decreasing Substrate Concentration decreases the rate of reaction
Temperature effect on chemical reaction
increasing temp, increases reaction rates
Activation Energy Barrier effect on chemical reaction
the higher the activation energy, the slower the chemical reaction will be
rules of complimentary in DNA
A-T, C-G
Structure of Peptides
Composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
structure of amino acids
a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom.
Homeostasis example
Sweat when body overheats, shiver when it is cold
Compare and Contrast between Two polysaccharides ( Starch Vs Glycogen).
Glycogen: Energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina
abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and digestive organs
ventral cavity
Anterior aspect of the body.
right upper quadrant
Liver
left upper quadrant
Stomach
right lower quadrant
Appendix
left lower quadrant
Portions of reproductive organs
axial region
head, neck, and torso or trunk
appendicular region
upper and lower extremities
negative feedback loop
A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
positive feedback loop
Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Define matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Define element
A pure substance; made up of only one kind of atom
Define molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Define compound
Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom
Why do chemicals bond?
To make atoms more stable
Define ionic bond
Ions form when an atom gains/loses electrons in its outer energy level to become stable
positive ion
An atom that has lost some of its electrons; an atom with more protons than electrons
negative ion
An atom that has gained extra electrons; an atom with more electrons than protons
Define electrolyte
Molecule that dissociates(breaks apart) in water to form individual ions; an ionic compound
Define covalent bond
Form when atoms share their outer energy ions to complete the energy level and thus becoming stable
Define hydrogen bonds
Do not create new molecules
organic molecules
Contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds and/or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds; inorganic molecules do not
dehydration synthesis
chemical reaction in which water is removed from small molecules so they can be strung together to form a larger molecule
Hydrolysis
chemical reaction in which water is added to the subunits of large molecule, causing it to break apart into smaller molecules
Acids
Contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide group
Bases
Contains more of the hydroxide
nucleic acids
Made up of nucleotides
RNA
Used as temporary “working copy” of a gene
