Week 1: NR606/ NR 606 (Latest Update 2024/ 2025) Diagnosis & Management in Psychiatric Mental Health II Practicum Review |Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Chamberlain
Week 1: NR606/ NR 606 (Latest Update
2024/ 2025) Diagnosis & Management in
Psychiatric Mental Health II Practicum
Review |Complete Guide with Questions and
Verified Answers| 100% CorrectChamberlain
Q: What neurotransmitters can lead to neurobiological impairment?
Answer:
Glutamate and cortisol.
Q: What is necessary for improving pediatric mental health?
Answer:
Early intervention and evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.
Q: What percentage of children ages 8-15 experience a mental health condi- tion?
Answer:
13%
Q: What percentage of children ages 8-15 experiencing a mental health con- dition do not
receive treatment?
Answer:
50%
Q: What percentage of children living in the U.S. experience a mental health condition in a
given year?
Answer:
13-20%
Q: What percentage of high school students seriously consider suicide?
Answer:
–
17%
Q: By what age do half of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin?
Answer:
Age 14
Q: Barriers to Mental Health Treatment in Children and Adolescents
Answer:
1.Many parents report a lack of sufficient information or access to services (Hansen et al.,
2021).
2.Parents and adolescents may be reluctant to seek help due to stigmas or negative perceptions
towards mental health services (Aguirre Velasco et al., 2020).
3.Although some children and adolescents receive treatment, many drop out before receiving
effective treatment, often due to poverty, language barriers, living in communities with scarce
resources, and stressors such as problems in the family, violence in the community, unstable
housing, unemployment, and food insecurity.
4.Cost, scheduling conflicts, long waitlists for services, and high staff turnover also create
impediments for families seeking care.
Q: Prescribing Considerations for Children and Adolescents
Answer:
Children have a more rapid metabolism than adults and may require a larger dose of medication
per unit of body weight.
Q: When do pharmacokinetic properties in children reach adult parameters?-
Answer:
Around puberty. Dosing may need to be decreased after puberty.
Q: Why should PMHNPs be attuned to signs of medication adverse effects in children?
Answer:
Younger children may not be able to communicate complaints
Q: What should children have the opportunity to do in regards to their treat- ment?
Answer:
Receive education, participate in treatment plan creation, express concerns
Q: Example of developmentally appropriate patient education : Tamika, a
15-year-old, is prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD for the first time.-
Answer:
“This medication can help you ignore distractions so you can complete tasks. They can also help
with self-control, which may help you get along better with your friends and parents. Do you
have any concerns about taking the medication?”
Q: Example of developmentally appropriate patient education: Kassia, a
5-year-old, is prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD for the first time.: – “Do you know
how it’s sometimes hard for you to sit still and pay attention at school? This medicine will help
you.”
Q: Example of developmentally appropriate patient education
Answer:
Oliver, a
10-year-old, is prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD for the first time.-
Answer:
“It’s kind of like you’ve got a great bike. The brakes just need some fixing. The medication is
like fixing the brakes.”
Q: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Answer:
his stage usually lasts from ages 2-7.Children think symbolically. They learn to use words or
pictures to represent objects. They are egocentric and have difficulty seeing things from others’
perspectives. Preoper- ational thinking is very concrete.
Q: Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
Answer:
This stage usually lasts from age 7-11.Thinking becomes more logical and organized about
concrete events. Children begin to reason inductively, from specific information to general
principles. The use of simile is a helpful instructional strategy for children in this stage.
Q: Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
Answer:
This stage typically occurs at age 12 and up. Adolescents and young adults begin to reason
abstractly and can consider hypothetical problems. They begin to think more about moral,
philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues.
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What is pediatric mental health?
Mental health issues in children.
When do major mental illnesses often begin?
In childhood.
What are the consequences of mental illnesses in childhood?
Interference with social and academic development, leading to suffering.
What did the National Survey of Children’s Health report in 2022?
Increase in anxiety, depression, behavior, and conduct problems.
What was the trend in physical activity among school-aged children?
Significant 5-year decrease.
What concerns were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic?
Pediatric mental health.
What did pediatric health organizations declare in 2021?
National emergency for children’s mental health.
What are the potential consequences of untreated psychiatric disorders?
Distress and developmental impairment, elevated levels of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and cortisol which can also lead to neurobiological impairment
What neurotransmitters can lead to neurobiological impairment?
Glutamate and cortisol.
What is necessary for improving pediatric mental health?
Early intervention and evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.
What percentage of children ages 8-15 experience a mental health condition?
13%
What percentage of children ages 8-15 experiencing a mental health condition do not receive treatment?
50%
What percentage of children living in the U.S. experience a mental health condition in a given year?
13-20%
What percentage of high school students seriously consider suicide?
17%
By what age do half of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin?
Age 14
Barriers to Mental Health Treatment in Children and Adolescents
- Many parents report a lack of sufficient information or access to services (Hansen et al., 2021).
- Parents and adolescents may be reluctant to seek help due to stigmas or negative perceptions towards mental health services (Aguirre Velasco et al., 2020).
- Although some children and adolescents receive treatment, many drop out before receiving effective treatment, often due to poverty, language barriers, living in communities with scarce resources, and stressors such as problems in the family, violence in the community, unstable housing, unemployment, and food insecurity.
- Cost, scheduling conflicts, long waitlists for services, and high staff turnover also create impediments for families seeking care.
Prescribing Considerations for Children and Adolescents
Children have a more rapid metabolism than adults and may require a larger dose of medication per unit of body weight.
When do pharmacokinetic properties in children reach adult parameters?
Around puberty. Dosing may need to be decreased after puberty.
Why should PMHNPs be attuned to signs of medication adverse effects in children?
Younger children may not be able to communicate complaints
What should children have the opportunity to do in regards to their treatment?
Receive education, participate in treatment plan creation, express concerns
Example of developmentally appropriate patient education: Tamika, a 15-year-old, is prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD for the first time.
“This medication can help you ignore distractions so you can complete tasks. They can also help with self-control, which may help you get along better with your friends and parents. Do you have any concerns about taking the medication?”
Example of developmentally appropriate patient education: Kassia, a 5-year-old, is prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD for the first time.
“Do you know how it’s sometimes hard for you to sit still and pay attention at school? This medicine will help you.”
Example of developmentally appropriate patient education: Oliver, a 10-year-old, is prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD for the first time.
“It’s kind of like you’ve got a great bike. The brakes just need some fixing. The medication is like fixing the brakes.”
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
his stage usually lasts from ages 2-7. Children think symbolically. They learn to use words or pictures to represent objects. They are egocentric and have difficulty seeing things from others’ perspectives. Preoperational thinking is very concrete.
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
This stage usually lasts from age 7-11. Thinking becomes more logical and organized about concrete events. Children begin to reason inductively, from specific information to general principles. The use of simile is a helpful instructional strategy for children in this stage.
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
This stage typically occurs at age 12 and up. Adolescents and young adults begin to reason abstractly and can consider hypothetical problems. They begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues.
Who should be included in child and adolescent collaborative treatment plan?
Treatment plans for children are typically made in collaboration with the child, parents or guardians
What are some concerns parents may have about medication and prompt them to withhold treatment?
Side effects and concerns for addiction
What issues may some parents neglect while relying solely on medication?
Family or school stressors.
What is a major reason for non-compliance with psychoactive medication therapy in children?
Psychoactive medications may be cost prohibitive for some families
What must the PMHNP be aware of when providing care to minor clients?
Federal and state guidelines for privacy and confidentiality as well as ethical considerations.
What rights do parents typically have regarding their minor child’s mental health record?
The right to request access to symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment plan.
What provides guidance on parents’ access to their child’s information?
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
How can positive experiences with providers and treatment impact mental health?
They can instill the perception that treatment is beneficial and support positive mental health behaviors.
Who can decide on treatment if a child is unable to provide informed consent?
Parents have the authority to make treatment decisions in such cases.
What is the importance of child input in treatment decisions?
It encourages their involvement and promotes their understanding of the treatment process.
What is a PMHNP?
Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner.
What situations should the PMHNP report as mandated reporter?
Suspicions of abuse or neglect.
What is the prevalence of maternal mental health disorders?
Up to 1 in 5 women.
What is the prevalence of postpartum depression?
Up to 1 in 5 women.
What percentage of women receive treatment for maternal mental health disorders?
Less than 15%.
What is the prevalence of depression during pregnancy?
1 in 7 women.
What percentage of women living in poverty will suffer from a maternal mental health disorder?
Up to 50%
How many women in the U.S. will suffer from a maternal mental health disorder every year?
More than 600,000
What is the impact of the rise in anxiety and depression in teen girls?
Increase in women suffering from postpartum depression in the future
What is the rate of depression in Black moms compared to others?
More than doubled due to weathering
What are some common maternal mental health conditions?
Depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder.
What are some adverse outcomes associated with perinatal mental illness?
Preterm birth, low birth weight, maternal substance use.
Why may pharmacologic therapy be necessary during pregnancy, and what should be considered when prescribing psychoactive medications during pregnancy?
To prevent harm to the mother and fetus and risks and benefits to both the mother and fetus
What is the abbreviation for Maternal Mental Health Leadership Alliance?
MMHLA.
What are some risks associated with medications crossing into breast milk?
Harm to the nursing baby.
What percentage of pregnancies are unplanned?
Nearly 50%
Why should the PMHNP consider pregnancy when prescribing medication?
To ensure medication safety for clients of reproductive age
When should the PMHNP work with a client to adjust medications for a planned pregnancy?
6-12 months before the planned pregnancy
What should the PMHNP discuss with clients who have a medication contraindicated during pregnancy?
Intended method of birth control and a contingency plan for unplanned pregnancy
How should medications be discontinued during pregnancy?
Tapered whenever possible
How do physiologic changes during pregnancy impact medication pharmacokinetics?
Increase in blood plasma level, changes in CYP450 enzyme activations, increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate
What can monitoring of serum drug levels help with during pregnancy?
Inform drug dosing for some medications
What is the goal of adjusting medication dosages during pregnancy?
Achieve optimal symptom management at the lowest beneficial dose
What is the challenge in prescribing psychoactive medications in the perinatal period?
Paucity of evidence regarding risks for pregnant client and fetus.
What can happen if there is a lack of evidence for medication safety in pregnancy?
Clients may choose not to take beneficial medications out of fear of harm to the fetus.
Why is it challenging to obtain evidence from controlled clinical trials in pregnant women?
Pregnant women and newborns are frequently excluded from medication research due to their status as vulnerable populations, altered pharmacokinetics, and risk of adverse effects.
Why is switching medications during pregnancy risky?
It can destabilize mental illness, increase stress and trauma for both the client and fetus, and increased exposure to substances, leading to higher risk for adverse outcomes.
What is the potential risk of switching medications during pregnancy?
Increased exposure to substances, leading to higher risk for adverse outcomes.
What is the recommended approach if a client is stable on their current medication regimen?
Continuing the current regimen is typically better.
Why is it important to discuss risks and benefits of medications in pregnancy and breastfeeding?
To help the client make an informed decision.
What should the provider help the client with?
Processing risk factors and treatment history.
When should a referral to a perinatal psychiatrist be considered?
For clients on high-risk medications.
What should be included in the documentation of informed consent?
Description of the conversation and potential complications and whether the woman plans to continue or discontinue medication.
What is valproic acid?
A high-risk medication during pregnancy.
What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
First-line treatments for depression and anxiety during pregnancy.
What are selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?
Considered safe treatment options for depression and anxiety during pregnancy.
What are tricyclic antidepressants?
Considered safe treatment options for depression and anxiety during pregnancy.
What is bupropion?
Considered a safe treatment option for depression and anxiety during pregnancy.
What is neonatal withdrawal syndrome?
The most common adverse effect associated with SSRIs and SNRIs, impacting up to 30% of babies born to mothers who take antidepressant medication.
What are the symptoms of neonatal withdrawal syndrome?
Tremors, high-pitched crying, and disturbed sleep.
When does the incidence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome symptoms typically peak?
Between 2-4 days after birth.
Does discontinuing or tapering dosages in the last trimester reduce the risk of neonatal withdrawal syndrome?
There is no evidence to support this.
What is the potential risk associated with paroxetine?
Increased risk of atrial septal defects.
What is the risk associated with benzodiazepines during pregnancy?
Newborn toxicity, which must be monitored.
What are the symptoms of newborn toxicity from benzodiazepines?
Sedation, floppy muscle tone, and potential breathing issues at birth.
What is the safety profile of lamotrigine during pregnancy?
Considered safe but may not be effective for manic episodes.
What is the risk of cardiac malformations with lithium exposure during the first trimester?
Small but statistically significant, increases with higher doses.
What should be considered when prescribing lithium during pregnancy?
Carefully consider risks and benefits with the client.
Are valproic acid and carbamazepine safe to use during pregnancy?
No, they are considered teratogenic and should be avoided.
What are the risks for women taking atypical antipsychotic medications during pregnancy?
Increased risk of gestational diabetes and large for gestational age infants.
Which specific medications are associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes and large for gestational age infants?
Olanzapine and quetiapine.
Does discontinuing treatment decrease the risk of developing gestational diabetes?
No, discontinuing treatment may not decrease the risk.
What risk is associated with olanzapine use during pregnancy?
Increased risk of musculoskeletal malformations in infants.
Which antipsychotics are most commonly used during pregnancy?
Risperidone and quetiapine.
Do risperidone and quetiapine cause malformations in infants?
No, neither medication appears to cause malformations.
What potential side effect may antipsychotic medications cause in newborns?
Neonatal withdrawal symptoms.
What does the American Academy of Pediatrics advocate regarding breastfeeding?
Breastfeeding through the first 6 months of life.
Do most psychotropic medications pass into breast milk?
Yes.
Can medication exposure during pregnancy affect the decision to continue medication during breastfeeding?
Yes, it may be discussed.
Under what circumstances should the medication be discontinued during breastfeeding?
If it has severe side effects for the infant.
What may be the best option for some women taking psychopharmacologic agents?
Bottle feeding.
Who is at the highest risk for life-threatening outcomes of SUDs?
People of color.
What are the most commonly used substances in the perinatal period?
Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drugs.
What is the trend in opioid use among pregnant individuals?
The use of prescription and illicit opioids is increasing.
How much have opioid-affected births increased in the U.S. over the last decade?
Quadrupled.
What percentage of maternal overdose deaths in 2018 were related to opioid use?
69%.
What demographic group presents to the emergency department for opioid use the most?
Women of childbearing age.
What often occurs comorbidly with polysubstance use?
Psychiatric conditions.
Which groups of childbearing people are experiencing increasing rates of SUDs?
Individuals from rural or low-income communities and those with Medicaid coverage for maternity care.
What are the hallmark symptoms of SUDs?
Behavioral, physical, and psychological dependence.
What is the urgent public health crisis related to perinatal SUDs?
Increasing rates of SUDs across all groups of childbearing people.
What is the highest risk age group for developing a Substance Use Disorder (SUD)?
Ages 18-29
What are the adverse health consequences of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period?
Ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, placenta previa, fetal mortality, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight infants, sudden infant death syndrome, birth malformations, asthma, cognitive impairment, lower respiratory illness, ADHD, central nervous system tumors.
What are some smoking-related effects on neonates?
Sudden infant death syndrome, birth malformations such as oral clefts and neural tube defects.
What are some smoking-related effects on infants, children, and adolescents?
Asthma, cognitive impairment, lower respiratory illness, ADHD, central nervous system tumors.
Is any tobacco product considered safe for use during the perinatal period?
No, no tobacco product is considered safe for use during the perinatal period.
Is there a safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy, and is there a safe quantity of alcohol to consume while pregnant or trying to get pregnant?
No, there is no safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy.
What are some adverse fetal effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Miscarriage, stillbirth, congenital anomalies, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm delivery.
What are some lifelong effects of alcohol use disorder on children?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), neurodevelopmental and central nervous system deficits, speech and language challenges, cognitive and behavioral deficits, impaired executive functioning, and psychosocial difficulties in adulthood.
What are some specific effects of alcohol use disorder on children’s neurodevelopment?
Speech and language challenges, cognitive and behavioral deficits, impaired executive functioning and psychosocial difficulties in adulthood
What are the possible effects of marijuana on a fetus?
preterm labor, low birth weight and small for gestational age deliveries, and adverse effects on fetal and adolescent brain growth, executive functioning skills, behavioral problems, and low academic achievement
What are the possible effects of second-hand marijuana smoke on children?
Behavioral problems in childhood, trouble paying attention in school
What are the possible effects of smoking marijuana?
Permanent lung injury, dizziness, impaired judgment, lower oxygen levels in the body
What are the risks of impaired judgment from marijuana use?
Increased risk of injury
What is perinatal opioid abuse?
Epidemic opioid use during pregnancy.
What are the risks of opioid use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy?
Increased risk of maternal health problems and death.
What are the maternal health problems associated with OUD during pregnancy?
Eclampsia, heart attack or heart failure, and sepsis.
What is neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)?
Adverse effects in infants caused by maternal opioid use.
What percentage of infants exposed to opioids in utero experience NAS?
Between 45% to 94%.
How much have hospital costs for NAS accounted for over the last decade?
$3 billion.
What are other opioid-related health outcomes in infants?
Toxemia, low birth weight, respiratory complications, third trimester bleeding and mortality, postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, neurobehavioral problems, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
What substances are opioids commonly used in combination with?
Tobacco.
What happened to the rate of overdose deaths among women from 2015 to 2016?
It rose.
How much has opioid use disorder increased among pregnant women?
More than 4 times.
How many more infants were born with NAS in 2014 compared to 1999?
Four times as many.
What is self-stigma?
Internalized shame about negative stereotypes.
How does self-stigma affect individuals with SUDs?
Feelings of being flawed or unworthy, and reluctance to seek help.
What is public stigma?
Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that create stereotypes and result in discrimination.
Give an example of public stigma.
Blaming individuals for choosing to use alcohol or drugs.
How can public stigma impact healthcare providers?
Unconscious bias may lead to inadequate care and treatment.
What is structural stigma?
Discrimination resulting from policies, regulations, or laws.
How does self-stigma affect individuals with SUDs?
Feelings of being flawed or unworthy, and reluctance to seek help.
What is public stigma?
Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that create stereotypes and result in discrimination.
Give an example of public stigma.
Blaming individuals for choosing to use alcohol or drugs.
How can public stigma impact healthcare providers?
Unconscious bias may lead to inadequate care and treatment.
How does structural stigma affect access to resources?
It limits opportunities and impacts well-being of stigmatized group.
Give an example of structural stigma.
Prohibiting the use of specific medication for addiction treatment.
What are the two aims of the nation’s drug policies?
Medical care and or criminalizing behaviors
What is an ethical dilemma according to the Ethics Committee Opinion of ACOG?
State laws requiring reporting of nonmedical use of controlled substances by pregnant women and laws requiring toxicology tests after childbirth with clinical suspicion for fetal exposure
What is the impact of criminalizing opioid use during pregnancy?
Less accurate diagnosis, ineffective treatment, and limited autonomy in engaging with healthcare providers
What may women fear when reporting substance use?
Legal repercussions and involvement of children’s services
What has happened to the number of states with punitive policies for prenatal drug use in the last decade?
More than doubled
What is the result of increased punitive policies for prenatal drug use?
Poor health outcomes
What is the prevalence of drug use among pregnant Black and White women?
Similar
How much more likely are Black women to be reported to law enforcement compared to White women?
10 times
Do Indigenous women have higher rates of substance use disorder compared to other racial and ethnic groups?
Yes, they are disproportionately affected by criminalization laws
Is consistent use of medication for OUD treatment during pregnancy lower for women of color?
Yes
What is the recommended approach to screen for substance use during the perinatal period?
Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) approach
What are the validated screening tools for substance use during pregnancy?
Substance Use Risk Profile-Pregnancy scale (SURP-P) and 4P’s Plus©
What other conditions can be screened using the 4Ps Plus©?
Depression and domestic violence
What is the purpose of the bundled reimbursement initiative offered by CMS?
To incentivize screening at preconception and perinatal visits
What are the goals of SUD treatment during the perinatal period?
Abstinence or reduction of substance use, prevention of adverse effects, reduction of high-risk behaviors, improved quality of life and social conditions
Is SUD treatment contraindicated during the perinatal period?
No
What are the potential benefits of engagement with SUD treatment during pregnancy?
Better outcomes for both the pregnant person and the fetus
What are the different settings in which SUD treatment can be managed?
Inpatient and outpatient settings
What approaches can be used in SUD treatment during the perinatal period?
Pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches
What is the purpose of universal screening for substance use during the perinatal period?
To identify at-risk individuals and provide treatment
What are the potential ethical dilemmas for providers in states that criminalize substance use during pregnancy?
Screening for substance use may pose dilemmas for providers
What is the role of the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) and ACOG in substance use screening during pregnancy?
They have recommended the SBIRT approach
What is the role of the Substance Use Risk Profile-Pregnancy scale (SURP-P) in screening for substance use during pregnancy?
It is a validated screening tool
What is the role of the 4P’s Plus© in screening for substance use during pregnancy?
It is a validated screening tool that can also screen for depression and domestic violence
What is the role of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in substance use screening during pregnancy?
They offer a bundled reimbursement initiative to incentivize screening
What are the potential outcomes of SUD treatment during the perinatal period?
Abstinence or reduction of substance use, prevention of adverse effects, reduction of high-risk behaviors, improved quality of life and social conditions
What is the recommended advice for pregnant clients who use alcohol?
Advise them to abstain or minimize use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
What interventions may assist clients to discontinue or decrease alcohol use?
Behavioral therapy and harm reduction counseling.
Are acamprosate and naltrexone safe to use during pregnancy?
Little information is available on their safe use during pregnancy.
When is inpatient treatment recommended for alcohol withdrawal?
When the client has a score of more than 10 on the CIWA-Ar.
What should the PMHNP advise clients regarding tobacco use during pregnancy?
To discontinue tobacco use.
What interventions can be initiated for tobacco cessation during pregnancy?
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, or a combination of these interventions.
Are higher doses of NRT required in pregnant clients?
Yes, due to metabolic changes of pregnancy.
What type of NRT preparations are recommended to minimize infant exposure?
Immediate-release preparations such as gum or an inhaler.
Is there sufficient evidence to support the efficacy of NRT and bupropion during pregnancy?
Evidence is mixed.
What is the association between bupropion exposure in the fetal period and congenital heart defects?
Slightly elevated rates, though overall numbers remain low.
Is there sufficient evidence for the use of varenicline during pregnancy?
No, there is insufficient evidence.
What are the potential risks of nicotine exposure during breastfeeding?
Interference with lung development or a risk of SIDS.
Which medication may offer a better option for breastfeeding mothers?
Bupropion.
What is the risk of abrupt discontinuation of opioid use during pregnancy?
Harm to both the mother and infant.
What are the most prescribed medications for OUD in pregnancy?
Methadone and buprenorphine.
Why may dosing of MAT be increased during the second and third trimesters?
Due to increased blood volume and metabolism.
Why is naltrexone not usually recommended for use during pregnancy?
Concerns about detoxification and uncertain safety profile.
Should clients continue MAT treatment if they initiate it during pregnancy?
Yes, through pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the postpartum period.
Are methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone considered safe during breastfeeding?
Yes.
What should clients be advised to do regarding the use of other substances in the perinatal period?
Abstain or reduce their use.
What can the PMHNP provide clients with in the perinatal period?
Other resources as appropriate.